Regional Expertise

This article studies whether pure legality, stripped of normative components that are central to the rule of law, can convey perceived legitimacy to governmental institutions and activity. Through a survey experiment conducted among urban Chinese residents, it examines whether such conveyance is possible under current sociopolitical conditions in which the party-state continues to invest in pure legality without imposing legal checks on the party leadership’s political power and without corresponding investment in substantive rights or freedoms. Among survey respondents, government investment in professional and consistent law enforcement conveys meaningful amounts of political legitimacy. In fact, it does so even when it supports government activity, such as censorship of online speech, that is freedom depriving and socially controversial and even when such investment does not necessarily enhance the external predictability of state behavior. However, the legitimacy-enhancing effects of pure legality are likely weaker than those of state investment in procedural justice.

In Hebrew

The rise of social media in the digital era poses unprecedented challenges to authoritarian regimes that aim to influence public attitudes and behaviors. To address these challenges, we argue that authoritarian regimes have adopted a decentralized approach to produce and disseminate propaganda on social media. In this model, tens of thousands of government workers and insiders are mobilized to produce and disseminate propaganda, and content flows in a multidirectional, rather than a top-down manner. We empirically demonstrate the existence of this new model in China by creating a novel data set of over five million videos from over 18,000 regime-affiliated accounts on Douyin, a popular social media platform in China. This paper supplements prevailing understandings of propaganda by showing theoretically and empirically how digital technologies are transforming not only the content of propaganda, but also how propaganda materials are produced and disseminated.

Achieving minimum dietary diversity (MDD), a crucial indicator of infant and young child diet quality, remains a challenge in rural China, especially for infants aged 6–11 months. This study examined the rate of MDD attainment in rural China, identified its determinants using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behavior (COM-B) model and Bayesian network analysis, and estimated the potential impact of improving each modifiable determinant. A multi-stage sampling design selected 1328 caregivers of infants aged 6–11 months across 77 rural townships in China. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey via in-person household interviews. Bayesian network analysis identified key factors influencing MDD attainment and their interrelationships, while Bayesian inference estimated MDD attainment probabilities. Results showed that only 22.2 % of the sample infants attained MDD. Bayesian network analysis revealed that caregiver knowledge (a proxy of capability), self-efficacy and habits (proxies of motivation), and infant age directly influenced MDD attainment. Social support (a proxy of opportunity) indirectly promoted MDD attainment by boosting self-efficacy and habit. Notably, simultaneous improvements in knowledge, self-efficacy, and habit could increase MDD attainment by 17.6 %, underscoring the potential effectiveness of interventions focused on enhancing caregiver capability and motivation. The critically low MDD attainment rate among rural Chinese infants highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions. Strategies should prioritize enhancing caregiver feeding knowledge, self-efficacy, and habit formation to improve infant dietary diversity. Addressing these key factors could substantially boost MDD attainment in rural China.

The latest crisis was triggered by a terrorist attack at Pahalgam on April 22, which was especially provocative — and likely calculated to be so — by targeting specifically Hindu men for point-blank execution.

Background: The content of children’s screen exposure and interactive coviewing with caregivers are important determinants of early childhood development (ECD) that have been overlooked in past research in resource-limited rural regions. Given the prevalence of digital devices and diverse digital content today, determining screen use practices that minimize the negative impacts on children’s development is crucial for promoting healthy screen use among children.

Objective: This study aims to examine screen exposure among children aged <3 years in rural China and investigate its relationship with ECD outcomes, focusing on duration, content, coviewing, and interaction.

Methods: The sample includes all children aged between 6 and 26 months and their primary caregivers residing in the study area. A survey of screen exposure and household characteristics was conducted for 1052 eligible households. Caregivers reported the duration of screen exposure, defined as the average daily screen time over the past month; the content of exposure, defined by the time spent on educational and child-friendly content; and the caregiver’s presence and interaction with the child during exposure. ECD outcomes were evaluated using the third edition of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development assessment scale and the Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment. Ordinary least squares regression, logistic regression, and chi-square tests were conducted.

Results: In total, 28.23% (297/1052) of the children in our sample were first exposed to screens before the age of 12 months. Children exposed to screens had an average daily screen time of 27.57 (SD 38.90) minutes. Children who were exposed to screens before the age of 12 months and those who had longer screen time between the ages of 12 and 18 months were more likely to be at risk of motor developmental delays. Children exposed to educational content for >15 minutes on a daily basis had fewer social-emotional or behavioral problems than those with no screen exposure and a lower risk of delay in motor skills development than those exposed to educational content for <15 minutes on a daily basis. Caregiver interaction during screen exposure was associated with a lower risk of cognitive and language delays and better socioemotional skills.

Conclusions: The type of content viewed and how caregivers engaged in children’s screen time were strongly associated with ECD outcomes. Guiding parents to select educational content for their children and engaging in interactive coviewing may better protect children from the negative effects of screen exposure. The findings complement conclusions regarding the impact of screen exposure on ECD in resource-limited rural areas.

Healthcare bankruptcies drive up staff turnover and put more patients at risk, according to new study by Stanford health economist Adrienne Sabey.

Evidence From a Quasiexperimental Study

Using reading performance data from a randomized controlled trial of 5224 fifth-grade students in East China, this paper provides a novel test of the hypothesis that evoking a gender stereotype creates gender gaps in education through self-fulfilling prophecies. We found that without intervention, boys performed worse than girls did in reading tests. Evoking a gender stereotype by indicating the expected outperformance of girls over boys in reading had a significantly negative effect on boys and an insignificant effect on girls. As a result, the net effect on the gender gap in reading performance was economically important but statistically insignificant. We also found evidence that increased anxiety was likely the underlying mechanism. Finally, a heterogeneous analysis showed that boys from environments with biased gender role beliefs were more susceptible to the intervention.

China’s total fertility rate declined very little following implementation of the One Child Policy (OCP) in 1979/1980, but then fell sharply, by more than one-third, during the early 1990s. In this paper, we propose that strengthening bureaucratic incentives under the “One Vote Veto” (OVV) policy, which strictly prohibited career promotion for adherence failure, was necessary for more “effective” implementation of the OCP—and for its delayed impact on fertility. We use provincial variation in OVV implementation to estimate event study regression inputs needed to build actual and counterfactual sequential multi-decrement fertility life tables, finding that the policy explains 46% of China’s total fertility rate decline during the 1990s, driving it below replacement level. Use of intrauterine devices (IUDs, the most prevalent form of modern contraception in China) that was “recommended” by party officials increased by 133% under the policy, a relative increase more than four times as large as the increase in “voluntary” use. Overall, our paper suggests that population policy made a larger contribution to low fertility in China than suggested by past research. More generally, our paper highlights the central role of aligning bureaucratic incentives with public policy objectives, even in a centrally-planned economy like China’s.

Researchers analyzed three decades of sanctions on foreign aid to assess their impact on health. They hope the work can help government officials better understand and address how foreign policy decisions affect the well-being of local populations.

America Must Do More to Compete With Huawei

Part of "Deliberative Approaches to Inclusive Governance: An Essay Series Part of the Democratic Legitimacy for AI Initiative," produced by the Centre for Media, Technology and Democracy.