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Amichai Magen
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Less than three weeks ago, I set out five scenarios for Israel’s election and argued that the most likely outcome was a stalemate between the pro- and anti-Netanyahu blocs.

Well, it’s a stalemate all right, but one with a twist. With practically all of the ballots now counted, the pro-Bibi camp has 53 Knesset seats—down 15 seats from the current Netanyahu coalition government, and eight short of an outright majority—whereas the Jewish anti-Netanyahu “Change Bloc” managed only an anemic 48. The remaining 19 seats were swept up by the two majority-Arab parties—the Joint List, with 11, and Ra’am, with eight. A substantial third bloc, an Arab Israeli bloc, is perhaps the most significant development to have emerged from the election.

Read the full article in Persuasion.

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The aftermath of a Likud Party election-night event on October 28, 2026.
The aftermath of a Likud Party election-night event on October 28, 2026. | Alexi J. Rosenfeld/Getty Images
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Will Israel ever move on from Netanyahu?

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We have just witnessed a series of stunning democratic gains in a single day. We may look back to see October 25, 2026 as the beginning of the end of the democratic recession.

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Journal of Democracy
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Larry Diamond
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Nensi Hayotsyan
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At a CDDRL research seminar held on October 29, 2026, Benjamin Yoel, the Jan Koum Israel Studies Program postdoctoral fellow at the Stanford Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law, presented his research exploring the conditions under which international pressure affects public support for opposition movements resisting democratic backsliding. 

For the first factor, Yoel hypothesized that endorsements from allied democracies, compared with those from other democracies, would raise approval of pro-democracy movements and the likelihood that people share information about them with people they trust. For the second, he expected praise for a movement to raise approval and sharing more than shaming the incumbent, as praise is harder for incumbents to weaponize, while shaming lets them portray the opposition as serving foreign interests. Lastly, he had competing expectations for the domestic electoral context, expecting the effect of praise over shaming to be stronger either before or after an election. 

Yoel tested these hypotheses in Hungary, which has experienced democratic backsliding since 2010 and has drawn extensive reactions from both allied and adversarial states. By using two survey experiments with a single-profile conjoint design, he reached more than 4,300 respondents, including 2,128 surveyed before and after the election. Respondents read a short description of a movement that varied whether a foreign democracy commenting on it was an ally or a non-ally and whether it praised the movement or criticized the government. They then rated their approval of the movement and how likely they were to share information about it with people they trust. 

Across both studies, it was evident that content mattered most. As depicted by respondents’ ratings, praising the movement rather than criticizing the government raised approval by about four percentage points. It also raised the likelihood of sharing by about two points in the first study and about one and a half points in the second. In contrast, allyship had weaker effects: allied endorsements raised approval by about 1.5 points in the second study but not in the first, and they did not consistently increase sharing. Even so, Yoel argued that this small effect is meaningful as earlier work often finds no difference between allied and non-allied endorsements. Finally, the election also shaped the results: praise affected approval before and after the election, while its effect on sharing, like the advantage of allied endorsements, appeared only before it. 

Ultimately, Yoel’s research sheds light on public opinion toward opposition actors in backsliding democracies, highlighting the strategic dilemma that foreign support creates for opposition movements. As democracy promotion from the West recedes, he concluded, leveraging foreign pressure becomes more critical than ever.

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Milada Anna Vachudova presented her research in a Rethinking European Development and Security (REDS) seminar on October 22, 2026, co-sponsored by the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law (CDDRL) and The Europe Center (TEC).
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Can Europe Turn Crisis Into Unity?

Milada Anna Vachudova traces how EU institutions mobilized rapidly after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and the harder task of converting solidarity into lasting capability.
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Chris Dann presented his research in a CDDRL seminar on October 15, 2026.
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How Autocracies Buy Legitimacy With Concrete and Steel

Research by CDDRL pre-doctoral fellow Christopher Dann finds that 21st-century autocracies use large-scale infrastructure to win public confidence and sustain authoritarian rule.
How Autocracies Buy Legitimacy With Concrete and Steel
Aleksandar Matovski presented his research at a CDDRL/TEC co-sponsored Rethinking European Development and Security (REDS) seminar on October 8, 2026.
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When Pressure Builds in Moscow, Restraint Gives Way to Escalation

Aleksandar Matovski’s “pressure cooker” framework explains why Russia absorbs some military setbacks quietly yet responds to others with nuclear threats and mobilization.
When Pressure Builds in Moscow, Restraint Gives Way to Escalation
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Benjamin Yoel presented his research in a CDDRL seminar on October 29, 2026.
Benjamin Yoel presented his research in a CDDRL seminar on October 29, 2026. | Nora Sulots
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Research by Benjamin Yoel, based on two survey experiments with more than 4,300 respondents, finds that backing an opposition movement increases public approval more than criticizing the government does.

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  • Benjamin Yoel’s survey experiments in Hungary, which reached more than 4,300 respondents, found that praising an opposition movement raised approval by about four percentage points more than criticizing the government. Praise also raised the likelihood of sharing information about the movement by about 1.5 to 2 points, though its effect on sharing appeared only before the election.
  • Endorsements from allied democracies had weaker effects, raising approval by about 1.5 points in the second study but not the first, and they did not consistently increase sharing. Yoel argues that even this small effect matters, since earlier work often finds no difference between allied and non-allied endorsements.
  • Yoel’s findings highlight the strategic dilemma that foreign support creates for opposition movements. As democracy promotion from the West recedes, he concludes, leveraging foreign pressure becomes more critical than ever.
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Lexie is a B.A. candidate in Political Science in the Class of 2029 at Stanford University. Her academic interests include comparative politics, democratic institutions, constitutional law, and the governance of artificial intelligence and emerging technologies. At Stanford, she is involved with Stanford Women in Law (SWIL) and hopes to pursue law school after graduating. 

Research Assistant to Professor Didi Kuo, 2026
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Most people thought it was the end of the road for the progressive champion. But Lula’s team deployed an innovative last-minute strategy for mobilizing support that should be studied for years.

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Ana Paula Pellegrino
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Héctor Fuentes
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The world is in a persistent, multi-decade decline in democratic governance. Yet a few cases point the other way. Brazil’s courts held Jair Bolsonaro to account, and Hungarian voters ended Viktor Orbán’s sixteen-year rule in April 2026.

On October 14, Anna Grzymala-Busse, Michelle and Kevin Douglas Professor of International Studies and Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies (FSI), and Alberto Díaz-Cayeros, Senior Fellow at FSI and Co-Director of the Democracy Action Lab, joined moderators Larry Diamond and Debra Satz for the second session in Stanford Continuing Studies' Reimagining Democracy speaker series produced in partnership with the Office of Community Engagement, the Stanford Democracy Hub, and the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law (CDDRL). They asked what these rebounds teach about democratic resilience, and how they might inform efforts to reimagine democracy in the United States.

Latin America: crime, inequality, and the question “What have you done for me lately?”


Diamond opened the discussion with a skeptical reading of the region. El Salvador under Nayib Bukele has become a byword for human rights abuses, but it is a small country. In Brazil, Flávio Bolsonaro is favored in this month’s presidential runoff and is widely expected to pardon his father. In Mexico, critics worry that Claudia Sheinbaum’s Morena party is rebuilding the one-party hegemony of the old PRI.

Díaz-Cayeros did not dismiss those concerns. “No party in any country should have a majority like the one Morena has,” he said, adding that such a majority “has been tremendously damaging for democracy.” Still, he cautioned against assuming the worst. Despite the temptations such a majority creates for Sheinbaum, he noted, many democratic spaces in Mexico have not closed. Even newly elected populists, such as Abelardo de la Espriella in Colombia and Keiko Fujimori in Peru, face real checks and balances on what they can do.

The deeper drivers, he argued, are crime and unmet expectations. Criminal organizations are well armed, increasingly sophisticated — “even into the realm of drones” — and their violence spills across borders, as Ecuador learned when groups displaced from Colombia moved south. “Nobody really knows how to solve this, and anyone who claims they do is lying,” Díaz-Cayeros said. “But the right has been particularly successful in making a claim that they know how to do it better,” promising that mano dura will control the violence.

He also pointed to what Latin American democracies have achieved. Over the past two decades, countries across the region reduced extreme inequality through conditional cash transfers embraced by governments of both left and right. And when roughly eight million Venezuelans fled the Chavista regime, neighbors absorbed them: the Dominican Republic took in two to three hundred thousand, and Ecuador about half a million.

Yet governments have failed on basic health services and decent education, and citizens notice. On Brazil, Díaz-Cayeros contrasted Lula’s transformative first presidency, which opened universities to Afro-descendant Brazilians and expanded poverty programs, with a current term that has “not a lot to show.” Many Brazilians, he said, are rightly asking what democracy has brought them in the last four years. “Can’t a political system find a younger politician that appeals to voters?” he asked, a question he said applies to the United States as well.

Finally, he warned against reading authoritarianism through a Cold War lens. Venezuela under Delcy Rodríguez and Nicaragua under Daniel Ortega show that “authoritarianism doesn’t seem to have a political color. The destruction of democracy is equally possible by someone on the right and someone on the left.”

Europe: volatility, the cordon sanitaire, and a representation gap on immigration


Why do voters who feel unheard turn to leaders who are often corrupt and fail to deliver, Satz asked. Grzymala-Busse noted that no politician advertises themselves as corrupt. Populists run on a critique of the elites who came before, and in Europe they have often been able to deliver material gains. Fidesz “very ably targeted” vast EU subsidies to rural Hungary and made good on its promise to raise living standards. “That house of cards collapsed because the government was so corrupt. But for 16 years, it worked.” Poland’s Law and Justice (PiS) government benefited from EU funds in the same way.

Asked whether Europe faces a long period of alternation between liberal and illiberal governments — as with Andrej Babiš in the Czech Republic and Robert Fico in Slovakia, both of whom lost power and returned — Grzymala-Busse distinguished between East and West. Since 1989, post-communist Europe has had the highest electoral volatility of any region, including Latin America, so today’s swings partly continue an old pattern.

Western Europe faces a different problem: the elite cordon sanitaire. Outside Italy, where Giorgia Meloni governs, mainstream parties in Austria, Germany, and France have agreed to keep far-right populists out of power. “That bargain has held so far,” she said, “but when you have 30, 40 percent of the population voting for the AfD, how sustainable is that? How democratic is it to keep out of power the party that won the plurality of the vote?” The Alternative for Germany began in the early 2010s as an economists’ party opposed to the Greek bailout before an internal coup turned it into a nationalist, anti-immigrant force.

On immigration, she cited polling conducted with the Hoover Institution this summer. The top issue for European voters is not immigration but “public services and the economic situation — they care about the same stuff that voters everywhere care about.” Immigration, however, is the issue on which voters feel least represented. Supporters of center-right and center-left parties alike see their parties as far to their left; only right-wing populist voters feel aligned with their party.

She added that disinformation, much of it seeded by Russia, China, and Iran, takes hold because “the uptake is domestic.” In Europe, populists in power can also capture public broadcasters, as in Poland, where the equivalent of NPR “became a government propaganda channel.”

Rebuilding democracy is possible


How do democrats rebuild once they return to power? Grzymala-Busse contrasted Poland and Hungary. In Poland, Donald Tusk’s coalition defeated PiS in 2023, but a president from the illiberal camp has vetoed reform after reform. The sharpest problem is the judiciary, where the previous government appointed roughly a third of the judges. “They need to be dealt with democratically,” she said. “You cannot reestablish democracy through anti-democratic means.”

Hungary is “a much simpler story.” Péter Magyar and the Tisza party won a landslide and a parliamentary supermajority, and they are reversing Fidesz’s institutional changes while the EU releases more funds. “But that’s not really a lesson for other countries,” Grzymala-Busse cautioned, “because very few of them enjoy that kind of absolute landslide victory.”

Asked what citizens and institutions can do, she offered two lessons:

  • Citizens must keep demanding and participating. “Autocrats really benefit from popular indifference, from popular alienation, and above all from popular despair.” Illiberal incumbents are defeated through landslides that cannot be denied.
     
  • Oppositions must make corruption concrete. Calling a government anti-democratic “doesn’t get us very far.” What works is telling citizens that “this government’s corruption is costing you” better schools, better roads, and a better life.


Satz pressed further: democracy is not only an instrument for delivering goods but has value in itself, because it gives people control over their lives. Díaz-Cayeros agreed that this liberal dimension is what has been lost. Majoritarian impulses have eroded the sense that an independent judiciary or electoral authority matters “just because the people have voted.”

Grzymala-Busse said European democrats have succeeded by framing liberal values in patriotic terms: abandoning checks and balances is a betrayal of national history, and attacking the free press is an outrage “in the birthplace of the freedom of speech.” In the American context, she suggested, the equivalent message is that dismantling checks and balances or going after the media is un-American.

Díaz-Cayeros raised a further concern for the United States: its outsized influence on Latin American elections. In Peru and Colombia, he said, voters described how President Trump’s endorsements on Truth Social created echo chambers around favored candidates. He also warned about unregulated platforms. In Brazil, evidence suggests that anti-Bolsonaro outlets were disproportionately left exposed to cyberattacks, and the Facebook page of one of the last human rights organizations operating in El Salvador has been down for weeks.

How bad could it get?


To close, Diamond asked both speakers to look over the horizon. What if Marine Le Pen wins the French presidency and the AfD performs nationally as it has in eastern German states? What if Flávio Bolsonaro returns to power, pardons his father?

Grzymala-Busse was cautiously optimistic that Europe will not repeat the 1930s. Then, voters faced a choice between anti-democratic options on the far right and the far left, and the economic situation was far worse. Today, parties legitimate themselves through elections. Meloni also offers another path: “someone who makes very extreme statements while campaigning, but then once in office” governs as a conservative without violating democratic norms.

Díaz-Cayeros likewise doubted that Latin America would return to the era of military dictatorships and mass disappearances. The Bukele regime in El Salvador “is as bad as it can get,” he said, but Brazil’s federalism, vibrant civil society, and fifty-year human rights legacy make that model unlikely there. His greatest concern was global rather than national: “The Amazon is a humanity commons,” he said, and the world “should not let Flávio Bolsonaro burn the Amazon.”

Satz closed by returning to Grzymala-Busse’s call to demand and participate. Reining in illegitimate power, she said, depends on citizens who know their rights and refuse to feel hopeless or helpless.

The Reimagining Democracy series continues next week, when Brandice Canes-Wrone of the Center for Revitalizing American Institutions and Didi Kuo of CDDRL will discuss money, parties, and political reform.

Key takeaways


Listening to Grzymala-Busse and Díaz-Cayeros side by side, I came away with a few lessons that cut across both regions and that are extremely informative for those fighting for democracy anywhere.

  1. Backsliding grows out of three gaps. Democracies falter when they fail to deliver, when mainstream parties ignore the issues voters care about most, such as immigration in Europe and crime in Latin America, and when majorities stop valuing courts, electoral bodies, and a free press. Illiberal leaders don’t create these gaps; they exploit them.
     
  2. Illiberal governments can deliver, for a while. Orbán held power for sixteen years in part because EU money let him raise living standards. Warning that he was undemocratic did little. What finally hurt him was corruption that voters could see and feel.
     
  3. Reversal requires decisive wins. Hungary is rebuilding quickly because Tisza won a supermajority. Poland is stuck because the illiberal camp still holds the presidency. A narrow victory may be enough to take office, but not to repair institutions, and repair has to happen by democratic means.
     
  4. Society sets the floor. Díaz-Cayeros believes Brazil will not become El Salvador because of its federalism, its vibrant civil society, and its strong human rights tradition. These structures decide how far a democracy can fall. They can’t be built in a crisis, though, so the time to raise that floor is while democracy is still healthy.
     
  5. Recovery is not permanent. Babiš, Fico, and possibly Flávio Bolsonaro show that defeated illiberal movements return when restored governments disappoint. Lula’s second term is a warning: democrats must keep delivering and renewing their leadership.
     
  6. Democracy must be argued for, not assumed. The speakers pointed to strategies that work: making the costs of corruption concrete, framing checks and balances in patriotic terms as part of national identity, and taking on hard issues without abandoning liberal principles.


In summary, democracy came back when broad coalitions won convincingly on concrete grievances and then governed well enough to keep their majorities. Above all, as Grzymala-Busse put it, autocrats benefit from indifference and despair. Democracy's most important resource is citizens who keep demanding and participating.

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CDDRL Faculty Headline Fall "Reimagining Democracy" Speaker Series

Weekly conversations hosted by Larry Diamond and Debra Satz will explore America's founding principles and their relevance to the 2026 midterms.
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Francis Fukuyama
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‘Reimagining Democracy’ launches for its second year

In the second annual “Reimagining Democracy” webinar series, professor Francis Fukuyama dove into the root causes of democracy’s current crisis. He discussed how declining trust, civic disengagement among youth, and other societal challenges have weakened democratic systems and what actions are needed to revive them.
‘Reimagining Democracy’ launches for its second year
Hakeem Jefferson, Didi Kuo, Jonathan Rodden, and Anna Grzymala-Busse
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Diversity and Democracy: Navigating the Complexities of the 2024 Election

The third of four panels of the “America Votes 2024” series examined the tension surrounding diversity and inclusion in the upcoming election. The panel featured Stanford scholars Hakeem Jefferson, Didi Kuo, Jonathan Rodden, and Anna Grzymala-Busse.
Diversity and Democracy: Navigating the Complexities of the 2024 Election
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In a recent session of Stanford Continuing Studies’ "Reimagining Democracy" series, Anna Grzymala-Busse and Alberto Díaz-Cayeros compared Europe and Latin America and reached a shared conclusion: democracy can recover from illiberal rule, but only where it delivers for citizens and voters keep showing up.

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  • Anna Grzymala-Busse and Alberto Díaz-Cayeros traced democratic backsliding to unmet expectations: crime and weak public services in Latin America, and corruption plus a representation gap on immigration in Europe. Populists can deliver for years, as Orbán did, until corruption becomes something voters feel.
  • Recovery takes decisive electoral wins and democratic means. Hungary is reversing Fidesz’s changes after a supermajority victory, while Poland is stalled by a president from the illiberal camp.
  • Democracy’s defenders must keep participating, make corruption concrete, and frame checks and balances in patriotic terms. Both speakers doubt the worst historical outcomes will return, but they stressed that democracy must keep delivering to hold its gains.
  • The United States also shapes democracy abroad. Voters in Peru and Colombia described Trump’s Truth Social endorsements creating echo chambers around favored candidates, and unregulated platforms leave democracy’s defenders exposed, including anti-Bolsonaro outlets in Brazil that appear to have been disproportionately targeted by cyberattacks.
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Days before Serbia’s early parliamentary election, the Democracy Action Lab (DAL) at the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law (CDDRL) convened a panel on the conditions under which citizens of Serbia will vote. The webinar, “A Captured Field, an Open Contest: Serbia’s Upcoming Elections,” held on October 16 and co-sponsored by Stanford’s Center for Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies (CREEES), brought together Raša Nedeljkov, Dragana Žarković Obradović, and Gazela Pudar Draško. Francis Fukuyama, the Olivier Nomellini Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies (FSI) and director of the Ford Dorsey Master’s in International Policy, moderated the event.

Nedeljkov serves as program director of the Center for Research, Transparency and Accountability (CRTA) in Belgrade and has led its election observation mission since 2016. Žarković Obradović is the director of BIRN Serbia, part of the Balkan Investigative Reporting Network. Pudar Draško, a political sociologist, is a senior research fellow and director at the Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory (IFDT) at the University of Belgrade.

Serbia will hold a parliamentary election on October 25 after nearly two years of sustained protest that began after the collapse of the canopy of the railway station in Novi Sad on November 1, 2024, which killed 16 people. The main opposition challenge comes from an electoral list formed by the student movement, which has gained broad support from most opposition parties and stands against Aleksandar Vučić’s Serbian Progressive Party (SNS). Approaching his two-term limit, Vučić stepped down as president in September to run for prime minister, and a presidential election is due by the end of the year.

Fukuyama opened the conversation by calling the Balkans “one of the important testing grounds for the resilience of democracy and its ability to fight back against a rising tide of authoritarian government,” and singling out Serbia as “the most important test case.” The election itself, in his view, is “more like a plebiscite… an up-or-down vote on Vučić and his leadership.”

An Uneven Playing Field


Nedeljkov said that CRTA’s findings on the conditions of the vote are clear. “These elections are far from democratic. They are not happening on an equal playing field. They are not happening in a free atmosphere,” he said.

“It’s quite clear that the election day is not the one that is the most problematic,” Nedeljkov said. Over a decade of observation, he has seen conditions worsen with each cycle: pressure on public-sector employees and private companies that do business with the state, abuse of public resources and office, media capture, and attacks on civic rights. “Each of these practices may look small on its own; however, together they are definitely creating a completely uneven playing field.”

He pointed to CRTA’s media monitoring, which found that Vučić personally accounted for every other second of prime-time political coverage on national television news, while 88% of coverage of the Student List was negative in tone. He also described the recent one-off payments to large swaths of the electorate, close to €1 billion against a 2026 budget of €25 billion, as “helicopter money,” and warned that the voter register goes into the election “completely unchecked and unverified.”
The most troubling feature of the campaign, Nedeljkov said, is impunity of public officials and supporters of the ruling party. “Those who abuse their power, they’re no longer fearing that they’re going to have any kind of consequence,” he said. “[The only ones] who can fear and should fear are those who speak up.”

Each of these practices may look small on its own; however, together they are definitely creating a completely uneven playing field.
Raša Nedeljkov
Program Director, CRTA

Voting abroad has also become contested in this cycle, Nedeljkov said. While only about 30,000 Serbians abroad voted in previous elections, more than 100,000 have applied this time. Some polling stations abroad were not opened, with no criteria given, and for the first time voters abroad will vote on Belgrade time, which means voters on the U.S. West Coast will vote overnight.

Two Parallel Realities


Žarković Obradović said the protests have made Serbia’s media scene livelier, with many small, mostly digital outlets, while traditional media remain captured. She described “a simulacrum of pluralism with 2,000 media outlets, but then, effectively, 80% of viewership share is controlled by less than 20 people.” Independent outlets have no access to public funds, and advertising is politically controlled because “in [a] captured state, you cannot do business if you’re not good with the ruling party.” BIRN, she said, has not been granted an interview with a public official in ten years.

She cited BIRN’s recent interview with a ruling-party insider who, under his own name, described a decade of paid work for the party, much of it unlawful: “buying votes, bullying people, beating people.” According to his testimony, he planted provocateurs among protesters to instigate violence that was then blamed on them and drew police action, was paid in cash from the office of a public company’s director, and spent two weeks in the camp that ruling-party supporters have maintained between the Presidency and the National Assembly in Belgrade, where, he said, people were armed and worked with the police. “We all kind of suspected and knew that things like that are happening,” she said. “But we’re not able so far to find somebody who will talk about that under their own identity and to be able to verify all these claims.” Smaller independent outlets carried the story; public service television, she said, did not. “And that’s how two completely parallel realities are created.”

Žarković Obradović was also critical of some of the language often used to describe the political situation in Serbia. “We are talking about polarization most often,” she said, “but I see it as a very asymmetric polarization, with one side having all the resources, and then the other one being exhausted financially, but also institutionally.”

“We have media laws. It is just that they are not implemented,” Žarković Obradović said, and BIRN itself faces several strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPPs). She also warned of rising physical violence: by one monitoring organization’s count, top officials make at least 100 defamatory public statements about journalists every month, and colleagues who will cover election day “are preparing as if they are going to the war zone.”
 

We are now having a simulacrum of pluralism with 2,000 media outlets, but then, effectively, 80% of viewership share is controlled by less than 20 people.
Dragana Žarković Obradović
Director, BIRN Serbia

A Participatory Experiment


Pudar Draško described the student movement as an “advanced participatory experiment within society.” It began as a decentralized movement in the universities, mobilized on social media, and has kept a horizontal structure for almost two years. Facing captured media, students walked from city to city, reaching people who have no access to independent television. “Those were their kids, those were their grandkids, and that really brought some kind of emotion of joy and hope to the people that the change is possible,” she said. “In Serbia, fear changed the sides.”

The movement’s candidate list was assembled over two cycles of open discussion and evaluation, bringing together activists, farmers, and experts. “They do not need leaders. They need a group; they need institutions,” she said. Local assemblies known as zborovi have organized to cover polling stations in Serbia and abroad.

Asked by Fukuyama how a leaderless movement could govern, Pudar Draško said the movement is working out how to choose candidates for president, prime minister, and ministers. With a presidential election to follow, “our period of crisis will not end only on 25th of October, even if there is a clear win there.”

She also described pressure on universities, including salary cuts during the student blockades and the government replacing IFDT’s governing board — the work, she said, of “a regime which is not respecting any rules anymore.”

In Serbia, fear changed the sides.
Gazela Pudar Draško
Director, Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, University of Belgrade

Election Night and the International Dimension


Responding to audience questions, Pudar Draško said the most likely outcome on election night is that both sides declare victory, and that the student movement has clear strategies to avoid violence and provocation. “The student movement will not try to engage in any kind of violence, and I think this is something which is very important to emphasize,” she said. Žarković Obradović stressed that independent media must be able to report in real time that night. “[The] underlying question of all this is the trust,” she said. “Who can be trusted with counting the votes?”

Nedeljkov said CRTA will observe a representative sample of polling stations, following international methodology for citizen observation, so that the public knows the results, despite what he called “an enormous pressure to kill the witness.” He also warned of politically biased foreign observers, citing the precedent of Georgia, where “the role of international fake observers was to whitewash the elections and election day results.”

An audience member asked whether Western governments were enabling the status quo for geopolitical convenience. “It’s not untrue,” Žarković Obradović said. “Definitely, stabilitocracy and pragmatism are something that we are witnessing, not just in Serbia.” She added that the climate toward Serbia’s ruling party is changing.

View a full recording of the conversation:

*This article was drafted with the assistance of Claude from the event transcript. All quotes were checked against the recording, and the text was reviewed and edited by the author.

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A diagonal split image in duotone. On the left, an aerial view of Serbia’s National Assembly in Belgrade in grey; on the right, in red, a nighttime crowd at Slavija Square holding up phone lights.
K / Pexels (National Assembly, 2025); Stefan Miljuš / VOA, public domain (Slavija Square, 22 December 2024)
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Raša Nedeljkov, Dragana Žarković Obradović, and Gazela Pudar Draško explained the deeply unequal conditions under which Serbia’s October 25 election is taking place, and how a student-led movement has built an unusual challenge to the ruling party.

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  • Nedeljkov, whose organization CRTA is observing the election, said the vote is “far from democratic,” with pressure on public employees, misuse of public resources, and impunity for officials creating “a completely uneven playing field.”
  • Žarković Obradović said Serbia’s 2,000 media outlets offer “a simulacrum of pluralism,” with 80% of viewership controlled by fewer than 20 people, and that stories by independent outlets rarely reach audiences of traditional television, leaving citizens in “two completely parallel realities.”
  • Pudar Draško described the student movement as an “advanced participatory experiment” that chose its candidates through two cycles of discussion, proposal, and evaluation, and has built infrastructure to monitor polling stations across Serbia and abroad.
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Sonia is an Editorial Assistant at the Journal of Democracy, in partnership with the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law. She is an undergraduate in the Class of 2029, majoring in Political Science with a minor in Economics. Her academic interests focus on democracy, technology, and U.S. elections. She has worked at the California State Assembly, the Immigration Institute of the Bay Area, and Legora, a legal AI company.

Editorial Assistant, Journal of Democracy, Fall 2026
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No último domingo (4), 125 milhões de brasileiros e brasileiras foram às urnas para dizer que futuro vislumbram para o país. Seus votos renovaram as Assembleias Legislativas, a Câmara dos Deputados e dois terços do Senado Federal, elegeram governadores em parte dos estados e levaram a disputa presidencial ao segundo turno. O senador Flávio Bolsonaro, filho do ex-presidente Jair Bolsonaro, terminou em primeiro lugar, com 47% dos votos válidos, contra 45% do presidente Lula, resultado que contrariou as pesquisas que apontavam o petista à frente. Outros 33 milhões de eleitores não compareceram, a maior abstenção desde 1998.

O retrato que emerge é o de uma enorme insatisfação com o estado atual da democracia e de um país voltado à extrema direita. Com o novo desenho do Congresso — em que a extrema direita e seus aliados mais próximos ocuparão mais da metade das cadeiras nas duas Casas —, a profunda crise em torno do Supremo Tribunal Federal e o risco de ascensão de um governo antidemocrático ao poder, o Brasil nunca esteve tão perto de esfacelar o pacto democrático consagrado na Constituição de 1988.

Para o público internacional, a percepção do eleitorado de que a democracia brasileira não vai bem pode soar contraintuitiva. Afinal, nos últimos quatro anos, o Brasil foi apontado por muitos como exemplo de resiliência democrática — reputação associada, em grande parte, à responsabilização daqueles que tentaram um golpe de Estado em janeiro de 2023 e ao retorno do país à sua tradição diplomática. Mas a democracia brasileira vai muito além do que ocorreu em 2023, e é preciso dar um passo atrás para compreender o tamanho do desafio que se aproxima.

A Constituição Cidadã


A Constituição de 1988 estabeleceu um ordenamento jurídico marcado pela ampla garantia de direitos universais e por uma abertura inédita à participação da sociedade civil na construção das instituições do país. Durante o processo constituinte, cerca de 10 mil pessoas circulavam diariamente pelo Congresso Nacional, cerca de 9 milhões visitaram o Congresso ao longo dos trabalhos e foram apresentadas 122 emendas populares, que reuniram mais de 12 milhões de assinaturas. Mas a Constituição não se limitou a ampliar direitos e canais de participação: também lançou as bases para o equilíbrio entre os Três Poderes da República — Executivo, Legislativo e Judiciário —, ao distribuir competências, estabelecer mecanismos de controle mútuo e buscar evitar a concentração de poder.

O arranjo que emergiu desse desenho ficou conhecido como presidencialismo de coalizão, expressão cunhada pelo cientista político Sérgio Abranches. Nesse modelo, o Executivo federal tem papel forte no controle do orçamento, mas depende de uma coalizão pluripartidária para levar adiante seu projeto de país. Como é praticamente impossível para um único partido obter maioria isolada nas duas Casas, as coalizões são necessárias para construir, no Congresso Nacional, maiorias capazes de aprovar a agenda do governo eleito. O Judiciário, por sua vez, atuou historicamente para solucionar questões constitucionais que não haviam sido resolvidas pelos outros dois Poderes.

A balança começa a se inclinar: a contestação eleitoral e a ascensão do Legislativo


Esse equilíbrio começou a rachar de maneira contundente em 2014. Pela primeira vez desde a redemocratização, o candidato derrotado na eleição presidencial colocou em dúvida a lisura do sistema eleitoral, até então motivo de orgulho nacional. Esse grave precedente deixou marcas em nossa democracia e abriu caminho para narrativas antidemocráticas que, desde então, se reproduzem de maneira cada vez mais sofisticada.

Pouco tempo depois, o rompimento histórico entre o então presidente da Câmara dos Deputados, Eduardo Cunha, e a presidenta Dilma Rousseff resultou na deflagração de um processo de impeachment por supostos crimes de responsabilidade ligados a práticas fiscais que, quando analisadas, tinham precedentes em gestões anteriores sem que jamais tivessem motivado um processo dessa natureza. Nesse sentido, o impeachment de Rousseff diverge do processo sofrido pelo ex-presidente Fernando Collor de Mello em 1992, no qual veio à tona um esquema de corrupção que custeava despesas pessoais do presidente.

Em outras palavras, não era a prática em si o motivo do processo, mas a insatisfação política de parte da base governista que decidiu, pela primeira vez, punir uma prática fiscal até então amplamente aceita por toda a classe política. A insurreição de parte da base de Rousseff no Congresso não apenas a tirou do poder: inaugurou um choque aberto entre o Legislativo e o Executivo, com a anuência, à época, do Judiciário, no que se desenhou como um “grande acordo nacional”.

Aquele período deixou outro legado importante de desequilíbrio entre os Poderes. Em 2015, o Congresso Nacional aprovou uma emenda constitucional que obrigava o Executivo a executar as emendas parlamentares individuais. Emendas parlamentares são instrumentos que permitem a deputados e senadores propor alterações na Lei Orçamentária Anual, direcionando recursos públicos para obras, projetos e benfeitorias nos estados e municípios que representam. Elas se dividem de acordo com quem as propõe: as emendas individuais são apresentadas por cada parlamentar; as de bancada estadual, pelos deputados e senadores de cada estado em conjunto; as de comissão, pelas comissões permanentes do Congresso; e as de relator, pelo relator-geral, parlamentar responsável pelo projeto de lei orçamentária. A obrigatoriedade aprovada em 2015 — o chamado orçamento impositivo — alcançava apenas as emendas individuais, limitadas a 1,2% da receita corrente líquida da União.

Com a chegada de Jair Bolsonaro ao poder, esse desequilíbrio ganha outra proporção. Em 2019, duas novas emendas constitucionais aprofundam o movimento. A primeira torna obrigatória também a execução das emendas de bancada estadual. A segunda divide as emendas individuais em duas modalidades. As emendas com finalidade definida continuam vinculadas a um projeto específico, como um posto de saúde ou a pavimentação de uma rua. Já as novas transferências especiais, apelidadas de “emendas Pix”, permitem enviar recursos do Congresso diretamente a estados e municípios sem mecanismos claros de transparência.

As emendas de relator mudam ainda mais. Até então, o relator-geral as utilizava sobretudo para ajustes técnicos no projeto, muitas vezes para recompor recursos de programas do próprio Executivo. Em 2020, elas ganham um identificador próprio no orçamento, o RP9, e se tornam o núcleo do chamado “orçamento secreto”: bilhões de reais distribuídos a pedido de parlamentares cujos nomes não eram divulgados. Depois que o Supremo declara a prática inconstitucional, em dezembro de 2022, o Congresso eleva o teto das emendas individuais para 2% da receita corrente líquida. Também passa a usar as emendas de comissão, até então pouco relevantes, como o novo canal desses recursos.
 


 

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Budget amendments committed by type, 2014—2026. Source: Central das Emendas, adapted. Painel de Dados accessed on October 7, 2026; it draws on Portal da Transparência (CGU) amendment and expenditure-document data.

 

Emendas parlamentares empenhadas por tipo, 2014—2026. Fonte: Central das Emendas, adaptado. Painel de Dados acessado em 7 de outubro de 2026, com base em dados de emendas e de documentos de despesa do Portal da Transparência (CGU).



A anuência do Executivo, então sob a liderança de Bolsonaro, a essa cessão de controle sobre o orçamento federal deu ao Congresso Nacional um poder jamais previsto no equilíbrio desenhado em 1988 e transformou a dinâmica política do país. As bancadas parlamentares perdem o interesse em compor a base governista e passam a priorizar a influência dentro do próprio Congresso, onde acessam grandes montantes de recursos sem transparência nem intermediação do Executivo.

O maior controle do orçamento, porém, não explica todo o processo de empoderamento do Legislativo: um relatório recente da Fundação FHC mostra que o Congresso vem ganhando terreno sobre o Executivo há duas décadas, impulsionado pela emenda constitucional de 2001 que pôs fim à reedição indefinida de medidas provisórias, pelo fortalecimento de sua capacidade técnica e por práticas informais que concentraram poder nas mãos do presidente da Câmara.

Esse conjunto de elementos consolidou uma nova correlação de forças entre os Poderes da República. Quando Lula da Silva retorna ao poder em 2023, o Executivo está muito mais dependente do Legislativo para operar o orçamento federal e avançar sua agenda de governo.

Judiciário: de bastião da democracia a alvo de descrédito


Durante o governo de Jair Bolsonaro, o Judiciário teve papel central na contenção de retrocessos, à medida que Executivo e Legislativo avançavam com pautas flagrantemente contrárias à Constituição de 1988. Esse crescimento de atuação é compatível com o conceito de democracia militante de Karl Loewenstein, cunhado em 1937, no qual um mecanismo institucional do Estado é ativado para defender a ordem democrática de atores que usam de suas liberdades democráticas para destruir o próprio sistema.

Essa ativação, porém, não contou com a ação da Procuradoria-Geral da República (PGR), órgão com a prerrogativa legal de promover ações penais contra autoridades com foro privilegiado — inclusive o Presidente da República. O procurador-geral da República durante a maior parte do mandato de Bolsonaro foi Augusto Aras, procurador escolhido pelo Presidente que teve sua gestão marcada pela omissão sobre ações perpetradas pelo Governo Federal e pelo Legislativo. Coube à sociedade civil, e outros setores importantes do país, o uso da litigância estratégica para ativar esse cordão de isolamento protagonizado pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Como resultado, houve uma desaceleração no grave processo de desintegração de direitos econômicos, sociais, culturais, ambientais e políticos naquele período.

Em resposta às ações mais robustas do Judiciário, o governo Bolsonaro e sua base passaram a promover sérios ataques contra o STF e seus ministros, inaugurando uma etapa em que um campo político questiona abertamente a lisura do Judiciário e chega a perseguir determinados juízes da Corte. Só em 2021, Bolsonaro chamou de “imbecil” o ministro Luís Roberto Barroso, então presidente do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, por se opor ao voto impresso, e pediu ao Senado o impeachment do ministro Alexandre de Moraes.

A tensão entre o campo político do ex-presidente e o Judiciário atingiu novos patamares nas eleições de 2022 e na subsequente tentativa de golpe de Estado, que culminou no ataque às sedes dos Três Poderes. As ações incisivas do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral e do Supremo Tribunal Federal foram centrais para evitar a ruptura da ordem institucional, garantindo tanto a segurança de um pleito diretamente afetado pelo governo em exercício quanto a responsabilização jurídica dos envolvidos na tentativa de golpe.

A maior barreira de contenção das crises até então passou a enfrentar o descrédito da opinião pública e a ser alvo de uma nova arma da extrema direita: a ameaça de impeachment de ministros do Supremo pelo Senado, que detém essa prerrogativa constitucional, desde que a condenação seja aprovada por dois terços de seus membros.

Se as acusações da extrema direita contra a Suprema Corte não encontravam respaldo nos fatos quando se tratava da defesa das eleições e da responsabilização pelos crimes contra a democracia, um enorme escândalo de corrupção complicaria esse cenário. Em 2025, o país conheceu o caso do Banco Master, instituição financeira utilizada para a venda de títulos bancários sem lastro e associada ao desvio bilionário de recursos públicos de diversas origens, além de relações suspeitas com pessoas em todos os Poderes da República, incluindo ministros do Supremo. Um dos nomes mencionados na investigação é o de Alexandre de Moraes, o mesmo ministro que presidiu o Tribunal Superior Eleitoral nas eleições de 2022 e conduziu os processos de responsabilização pelos crimes contra o Estado de Direito após a tentativa de golpe — e que, embora seja comumente associado ao presidente Lula, foi indicado anos antes pelo então presidente Michel Temer. A cobertura da investigação também citou outros cinco ministros ou seus familiares: Dias Toffoli, que deixou a relatoria do caso Master em fevereiro, André Mendonça, Gilmar Mendes, Kassio Nunes Marques e Luiz Fux. Todos negam irregularidades.

Isso coloca a população brasileira diante de um dilema: como podem as ações corretas do Judiciário na proteção da democracia em 2022 e 2023 terem sido conduzidas pela mesma Corte cujos integrantes hoje estão sob escrutínio por supostas ligações com atores privados responsáveis pelo desvio de bilhões de reais dos contribuintes?

2026: a tempestade perfeita e a resposta das urnas


O Brasil chega a 2026 sob uma tempestade perfeita: um Legislativo com amplos poderes sobre o orçamento federal, um Executivo enfraquecido, um Judiciário exposto em suas contradições e uma população esgotada por uma guerra de narrativas alimentada pela desinformação e pelo uso intensivo de recursos tecnológicos para amplificá-la. Esse cenário é agravado pelo imenso poder concentrado nas big techs, cujas práticas seguem marcadas pela falta de transparência sobre os critérios de moderação de conteúdo e as escolhas algorítmicas que moldam o debate público. Em meio a esse ambiente de fragmentação, bolhas, desconfiança e conflito permanente, há cada vez menos espaço para discutir projetos de país, construir consensos mínimos ou imaginar coletivamente saídas para a crise.

Um exemplo concreto do esfacelamento do equilíbrio entre os Poderes foi a rejeição, pelo Senado, do nome indicado pelo Presidente da República ao Supremo Tribunal Federal em abril deste ano — algo que não acontecia desde 1894. O Brasil dá sinais claros de que o pacto de 1988 está se desfazendo, e serão as forças vencedoras das eleições de 2026 que ditarão o que virá depois.

Com o resultado de 4 de outubro, o eleitorado consolidou a extrema direita como a maior força na Câmara dos Deputados e no Senado. As ameaças de impeachment de ministros do Supremo ganham concretude, e o próximo Presidente da República terá a prerrogativa de nomear quatro ministros para a Corte: a vaga aberta com a aposentadoria de Luís Roberto Barroso, ainda não preenchida, e outras três que se abrirão à medida que ministros atingirem a idade de aposentadoria compulsória, 75 anos.

Em um contexto em que os ministros do Supremo têm sido escolhidos cada vez mais por afinidade política com o Presidente da República, um eventual governo de Flávio Bolsonaro, somado a uma ampla base extremista no Senado, poderá consolidar uma maioria sólida de juízes conservadores na Suprema Corte do país.

O 25 de outubro e o dia seguinte


O presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva e o senador Flávio Bolsonaro disputarão o segundo turno em 25 de outubro. Se a candidatura de extrema direita prevalecer, o equilíbrio entre os Poderes desenhado em 1988 dificilmente resistirá, já que as ameaças de alterar o texto constitucional começam a ser feitas às claras. Se o projeto democrático de Lula vencer, as fraturas em nossa democracia continuarão tão profundas que tampouco haverá garantia de que essa ordem se mantenha.

A decisão a ser tomada no próximo dia 25 não é difícil. O difícil começa no dia 26: encontrar um caminho que impeça uma das experiências democráticas mais vanguardistas do mundo de entrar em colapso.

Esse caminho começa por levar a sério o descontentamento que o primeiro turno escancarou. Parte da desconfiança dos brasileiros em relação às suas instituições foi deliberadamente fabricada, como demonstra a campanha de ataques ao sistema eleitoral ao longo da última década. Mas parte dela também está enraizada na realidade concreta do país. Somos uma sociedade profundamente desigual, marcada por relações sociais forjadas em quase quatro séculos de escravidão e, consequentemente, por estruturas persistentes de autoritarismo, violência e concentração de poder baseadas em classe, raça, gênero e heterocisnormatividade. Somam-se a isso instituições que ainda carecem de transparência, um Congresso que passou a controlar uma fatia crescente do orçamento federal por meio de mecanismos frequentemente questionados por sua opacidade e sucessivos casos de corrupção envolvendo diferentes Poderes e esferas do Estado — fragilidades institucionais que escândalos recentes, como o caso do Banco Master, voltaram a trazer ao centro do debate público.

A extrema direita não criou essa frustração, mas soube explorar com habilidade os ressentimentos que sustentam nossas relações sociais e nossa relação com as instituições, aprendendo a canalizá-los e a transformá-los em força política. E os 33 milhões de brasileiros que não foram às urnas em 4 de outubro, assim como os quase 6 milhões de votos brancos e nulos — mais do que o número de votos obtidos pelo candidato Augusto Cury, terceiro colocado na disputa presidencial — nos lembram que a desilusão também pode assumir a forma do silêncio ou do voto de protesto.

Nossas instituições não são imunes a críticas, e defender a democracia não pode significar defendê-las como estão, com todas as suas deficiências, falhas e contradições. Nenhum governo, ou quem quer que o lidere, encontrará esse caminho sozinho. Reconstruir o equilíbrio estabelecido em 1988 dependerá de instituições capazes de reconquistar a confiança perdida e de uma sociedade disposta a continuar disputando a forma como essas instituições e as políticas públicas são construídas, bem como a defender as regras do jogo, mesmo quando elas não favorecem o seu lado.

Natália Neris é Gerente de Advocacy no Pacto pela Democracia e doutora em Direitos Humanos pela Universidade de São Paulo. Sami Sternberg é Coordenador de Articulação Internacional no Pacto pela Democracia e mestre em Relações Internacionais pela Columbia University.

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Natália Neris e Sami Sternberg, representantes do Pacto pela Democracia — organização que participou da edição inaugural do Democracy Garage, da DAL —, argumentam que, independentemente de quem vença o segundo turno de 25 de outubro, o pacto democrático brasileiro enfrenta sua ameaça mais grave desde a promulgação da Constituição de 1988.

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