International Relations

FSI researchers strive to understand how countries relate to one another, and what policies are needed to achieve global stability and prosperity. International relations experts focus on the challenging U.S.-Russian relationship, the alliance between the U.S. and Japan and the limitations of America’s counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan.

Foreign aid is also examined by scholars trying to understand whether money earmarked for health improvements reaches those who need it most. And FSI’s Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center has published on the need for strong South Korean leadership in dealing with its northern neighbor.

FSI researchers also look at the citizens who drive international relations, studying the effects of migration and how borders shape people’s lives. Meanwhile FSI students are very much involved in this area, working with the United Nations in Ethiopia to rethink refugee communities.

Trade is also a key component of international relations, with FSI approaching the topic from a slew of angles and states. The economy of trade is rife for study, with an APARC event on the implications of more open trade policies in Japan, and FSI researchers making sense of who would benefit from a free trade zone between the European Union and the United States.

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About the event: The Untold Story of China’s Nuclear Weapon Development and Testing offers the most comprehensive account of China’s nuclear weapons development from 1955 to 1996. Hui Zhang examines the purpose and technical specifics of each nuclear test and provides new details about China’s pursuit of warhead miniaturization. Based on a number of new Chinese-language sources that have not previously been analyzed, this book reveals that China has the ability to produce smaller, lighter warheads than some have suggested, as well as more options for missiles that could carry a larger number of warheads.

The book also provides a new framework for understanding China’s efforts to modernize its nuclear arsenal and offers clues about the future of China’s nuclear program. As the international community watches China’s rapid nuclear expansion with concern—and, in particular, as the United States considers whether it will be confronting two peer nuclear-armed adversaries (Russia and China) in the future—this book is a significant contribution to the policy debate over a potential new three-way nuclear arms race.

About the speaker: Hui Zhang is a Senior Research Associate at the Project on Managing the Atom in the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. Hui Zhang is leading a research initiative on China's nuclear policies for the Project on Managing the Atom in the Kennedy School of Government. His research includes verification techniques of nuclear arms control, the control of fissile material, nuclear terrorism, China's nuclear policy, nuclear safeguards and non-proliferation, and policy of nuclear fuel cycle and reprocessing.

Before coming to the Kennedy School in September 1999, he was a post-doctoral fellow at the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Princeton University from 1997-1999. Hui Zhang received his Ph.D. in nuclear physics in Beijing in 1996.

Dr. Zhang is the author of several technical reports and book chapters, and dozens of articles in academic journals and the print media including Science and Global Security, Arms Control Today, Bulletin of Atomic Scientist, Disarmament Diplomacy, Disarmament Forum, the Nonproliferation Review, The Washington Quarterly, Journal of Nuclear Materials Management, INESAP, and China Security. Dr. Zhang gives many oral presentations and talks in international conferences and organizations.

 All CISAC events are scheduled using the Pacific Time Zone.

No filming or recording without express permission from speaker.

William J. Perry Conference Room

Hui Zhang
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CDDRL Honors Student, 2025-26
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Major: International Relations
Minor: Theater
Hometown: Winchester, Virginia
Thesis Advisor: Kathryn Stoner

Tentative Thesis Title: U.S. Silence as a Form of Soft Power

Future aspirations post-Stanford: I plan to attend graduate school, work at the intersection of international development & foreign policy, and pursue global public service projects.

A fun fact about yourself: I was born on leap day!

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CDDRL Honors Student, 2025-26
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Major: International Relations
Hometown: Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Thesis Advisors: Harold Trinkunas and Stephen Stedman

Tentative Thesis Title: Civil-Military Relations and Democratic Consolidation in Brazil: Examining Civilian Control Over the Armed Forces Since 1985

Future aspirations post-Stanford: After Stanford, my long-term goal is to work in national security. While I see multiple paths in this field, I am currently interested in attending law school and exploring opportunities in the federal government and industry.

A fun fact about yourself: When I say "bag," everyone immediately knows I'm from the Midwest.

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Encina Hall, E106
616 Jane Stanford Way
Stanford, CA 94305-6055

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Einstein-Moos Postdoctoral Fellow, 2025-26
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Oren Samet is the Einstein Moos Postdoctoral Fellow at Stanford’s Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law (2025-26) and will be an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Rice University beginning in 2026.

His research centers on the international dimensions of authoritarian politics and democratization, with a particular emphasis on opposition politics and a regional focus on Southeast Asia. His book project examines the success and strategies of opposition parties, focusing on the international activities of these actors in authoritarian contexts. Other work focuses on opposition competition in authoritarian elections, processes of autocratization, and contemporary challenges of international democracy promotion and governance aid. His academic work has been published in the American Journal of Political Science, Comparative Political Studies, and Political Communication, and his other writing has been published in outlets including Foreign Policy, Slate, and World Politics Review.

Before entering academia, Oren was based in Bangkok, Thailand, where he served as the Research and Advocacy Director of ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights, working with politicians and civil society leaders across Southeast Asia. He previously worked as a Junior Fellow in the Democracy and Rule of Law Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of California, Berkeley, and a B.A. from Princeton University’s School of Public and International Affairs.

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About the event: At the end of the Cold War, donors sought to bolster environmental programs and exchanges to build confidence and trust among scientists and NGOs and to support civil society activity in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. In the years after the Soviet Union’s collapse, the United States and European Union channeled financial resources to civil society organizations to empower local civil society actors, which were seen as essential for consolidating democracy in many Eastern European countries and with integration into the European Union. This project revisits efforts during the Cold War and its aftermath to assess the political and environmental impact of linking scientific and environmental efforts to political cooperation and democracy building. In doing so, the project examines the political and environmental impact of these programs along with what lessons can be drawn for current efforts to leverage the environment and natural resources as a tool for peacebuilding.

About the speaker: Erika Weinthal is John O. Blackburn Distinguished Professor of Environmental Policy at Duke University. She is Chair of the Environmental Social Systems Division in the Nicholas School of the Environment and a member of the Bass Society of Fellows. She was a prior Chair of Duke’s Academic Council. Weinthal is the President of the Environmental Peacebuilding Association and an associate editor of its journal, Environment and Security. In 2017, she received the Women Peacebuilders for Water Award under the auspices of “Fondazione Milano per Expo 2015.”  Her most recent book is The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Environmental Politics (2023).

 All CISAC events are scheduled using the Pacific Time Zone.

No filming or recording without express permission from speaker.

William J. Perry Conference Room

Erika Weinthal
Seminars
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About the event: Communal disputes over local issues such as land use, cattle herding, and access to scarce resources are a leading cause of conflict across the world. In the coming decades, climate change, forced migration, and violent extremism will exacerbate such disputes in places that are ill equipped to handle them. Local Peace, International Builders examines the conditions under which international interventions mitigate communal violence. The book argues that civilian perceptions of impartiality, driven primarily by the legacies of colonialism, shape interveners’ ability to manage local disputes. Drawing on georeferenced data on the deployment of over 100,000 UN peacekeepers to fragile settings in the twenty-first century as well as a multimethod study of intervention in Mali – where widespread violence is managed by the international community – this book highlights a critical pathway through which interventions can maintain order in the international system.

About the speaker: William G. Nomikos is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara where he directs the Data-driven Analysis of Peace Project (DAPP) lab. His research looks at how domestic political considerations shape the conduct of international interventions in fragile settings. His first book, Local Peace, International Builders: How the UN Builds Peace from the Bottom Up, examines the conditions under which international actors successfully bring order, peace, and stability to fragile settings. His follow up work on this subject examines what peacekeepers can do to mitigate climate change-induced social conflict in weakly institutionalized settings.

 All CISAC events are scheduled using the Pacific Time Zone.

No filming or recording without express permission from speaker.

William J. Perry Conference Room

William Nomikos
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About the event: For almost four decades, the United States has tried to stop North Korea’s attempts to build nuclear weapons and the missiles to deliver them. Based on more than 300 interviews with officials in Washington, Seoul and Beijing, as well as his own encounters with North Korean government officials over two decades, Joel Wit’s new book, Flashpoint: The Inside Story of How America Failed to Disarm North Korea, tells the up until now untold story of how six American presidents failed to stop Pyongyang. The book uncovers the policy debates, diplomatic gambits, military planning and covert operations that shaped the struggle to halt North Korea’s Manhattan project. He points to Barack Obama and Donald Trump as the two presidents most responsible for that failure. As a result, North Korea’s nuclear armed missiles can now threaten American cities.

About the speaker: Joel S. Wit is a Distinguished Fellow at the Henry L. Stimson Center and former director of the 38North program.  As a State Department official, he helped negotiate the 1994 U.S.-DPRK Agreed Framework and was in charge of its implementation until he left government in 2002.  He held countless talks with North Korean officials over the next 15 years. Wit served as a Senior Fellow at the US-Korea Institute at Johns Hopkins from 2017-2018 and at the Henry L. Stimson Center until 2022. He is a co-author (with Robert Gallucci and Daniel Poneman) of Going Critical: The First North Korea Nuclear Crisis.

 All CISAC events are scheduled using the Pacific Time Zone.

No filming or recording without express permission from speaker.

William J. Perry Conference Room

Joel Wit
Seminars
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Pathways to Freedom: Defending Political Prisoners and Democracy

The Stanford community is invited to join the Fisher Family Summer Fellows Program at the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law on Monday, August 4, for an important conversation about democracy, human rights, and political prisoners worldwide.

Authoritarian regimes across the globe are increasingly using political imprisonment as a strategic weapon. Far beyond isolated acts of repression, political prisoners serve autocrats in multiple ways: they silence vocal dissidents, fracture organized opposition, deter mass mobilization, and are often used as bargaining chips in international negotiations. These regimes understand that imprisoning individuals can sow fear and demoralize broader movements without drawing the same global backlash as overt violence.

The case of Jesús Armas — a Venezuelan activist, 2022 Fisher Family Summer Fellow, and recently admitted student to Stanford’s Master’s in International Policy program — illustrates this dynamic. His unjust detention for over seven months, under conditions of isolation and legal abuse, is not an aberration, but part of a systematic strategy to preserve power.

This event will explore not only the barriers advocates face in these environments and the human cost of political imprisonment, but also the strategies available to fight it. Families and advocates of detainees play a crucial frontline role, often navigating trauma, stigma, and bureaucratic barriers while working for their loved ones' release.

PANELISTS:

  • Lilian Tintori: Director of the World Liberty Congress' Pathway to Freedom project; human rights advocate, and leader with first-hand experience as the spouse of a former political prisoner; 2025 Fisher Family Summer Fellow
  • Waleed Shawky: Egyptian human rights researcher and civic activist, co-founder of the April 6th Youth Movement; former political prisoner; 2025 Fisher Family Summer Fellow.
  • Gulika Reddy: Human rights advocate and Director of the International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic at Stanford Law School


Beatriz Magaloni, the Graham H. Stuart Professor of International Relations and Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, will share opening remarks.

Beatriz Magaloni
Beatriz Magaloni

William J. Perry Conference Room
Encina Hall, Second Floor, Central, C231

Open to Stanford affiliates only. Registration is not required.

Lilian Tintori
Waleed Shawky
Gulika Reddy
Panel Discussions
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This conference is hosted by Stanford Next Asia Policy Lab (SNAPL) at Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center (APARC) with support from the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies (FSI).

The conference, “Beyond a New Cold War: Political Messaging and Public Perceptions on China”, aims to present and discuss new research findings on how U.S. political leaders and the media shape narratives around China, and how those narratives are perceived by citizens in the Asia-Pacific region.

11:40am - 12:25pm Lunch

12:25pm - 12:30pm Welcome Remarks

Gi-Wook Shin,  Director of Shorenstein APARC; Director of SNAPL; Professor of Sociology, Stanford University

12:30pm - 1:50pm Panel 1

Who’s Leading Whom? Measuring Issue Attention and Rivalry Framing of China by Legislators, Presidents, and the Media

This panel examines how issue attention and framing related to China have evolved across Congress, the executive branch, and major U.S. media outlets, using social media posts from 2009 to 2024. By analyzing the direction and dynamics of influence among these actors, the research offers new insights into how U.S. foreign policy narratives on China are shaped and circulated.

Presenter: Xinru Ma, Research Scholar at SNAPL, APARC, Stanford University

Discussant: Thomas Christensen, James T. Shotwell Professor of International Relations; Director of the China and the World Program, Columbia University

1:50pm - 2:00pm Break

2:00pm - 3:20pm Panel 2

Democracy versus Autocracy in Foreign Policy: Public Attitudes toward China in Young Democracies

This panel discusses the role of democracy in forming public opinion on China. By focusing on citizens in young democratic countries, the study examines how public understanding of democracy in such countries shape their perception of China’s threat to democracy and thus exhibit anti-China sentiments. Using survey data analyses and an original survey experiment, the study demonstrates that China’s threats to electoral institutions—rather than liberal values—more strongly generate unfavorable attitudes toward China.

Presenter: Gidong Kim, Visiting Scholar and SNAPL Fellow at APARC; Assistant Professor of Political Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies

Discussant: Susan Hyde, Robson Professor of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley

3:20pm - 3:30pm Break

3:30pm - 5:00pm Roundtable (closed door discussion)

Where Do We Go From Here? Policy Implications and Future Research

This closed-door roundtable brings together policymakers, scholars, and practitioners to discuss the policy implications of the day’s research findings. Participants will explore how insights on elite discourse and public perceptions can inform future U.S. foreign policy toward China and identify priorities for further research.

Moderator: Paul Chang, Deputy Director of Korea Program; Senior Fellow at APARC;  Professor by courtesy, East Asian Languages and Cultures, Stanford University

Discussants:
Piero Tozzi, Deputy Staff Director of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China
David Arulanantham, former Robert and Marion Oster National Security Affairs Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University

5:00pm - 5:05pm Closing Remarks

Gi-Wook Shin, Director of Shorenstein APARC; Director of SNAPL; Professor of Sociology, Stanford University

David Arulanantham

David Arulanantham, a Stanford alumnus, was a Robert and Marion Oster National Security Affairs Fellow at the Hoover Institution from 2023-2024.  A career Foreign Service Officer with the U.S. Department of State since 2005, David has more than two decades of experience living in and working on the countries of the Indo-Pacific region.  During his time at the Department of State, he has also served on the Secretary's Policy Planning Staff. David has a Masters in International Relations from Oxford University, and a Bachelor's in International Relations and Political Science from Stanford University where he published articles on Indian foreign policy.  David is involved in several public service and mentoring initiatives and can speak French, Hindi, Tamil and Bengali. 

Paul Chang headshot

Paul Y. Chang is the Tong Yang, Korea Foundation, and Korea Stanford Alumni Association Senior Fellow at Shorenstein APARC; Senior Fellow at FSI; and Professor by courtesy in the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures at Stanford University. Chang also serves as the Deputy Director of the Korea Program at Shorenstein APARC and the President of the Association of Korean Sociologists in America. He is the author of Protest Dialectics: State Repression and South Korea’s Democracy Movement, 1970-1979 (Stanford University Press) and co-editor of South Korean Social Movements: From Democracy to Civil Society (Routledge). His current work examines the diversification of family structures in South Korea. Before joining Stanford, Chang served on the faculty at Harvard University, Yonsei University, and the Singapore Management University.

Thomas Christensen

Thomas J. Christensen is James T. Shotwell Professor of International Relations and Director of the China and the World Program at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs and the Pritzker Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, DC.  He was previously William P. Boswell Professor of World Politics at Princeton University.  From 2006-2008 he served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs with responsibility for relations with China, Taiwan, and Mongolia. His research and teaching focus on China’s foreign relations, the international relations of East Asia, and international security.  He has also taught at Cornell University and MIT. He received his B.A. from Haverford College, M.A. from the University of Pennsylvania, and Ph.D. from Columbia University. He was presented with a Distinguished Public Service Award by the United States Department of State.

Susan Hyde headshot

Susan D. Hyde, an expert on democracy promotion and international political institutions, is the Robson Professor of Political Science at University of California, Berkeley, where she served as Chair of the Department of Political Science (AY 2021-2024) and is currently Co-director of the Institute of International Studies (2021-present).   Her research focuses on threats to democracy, the role of regime type in international affairs, and international influences on the domestic politics of sovereign states. Hyde is a political scientist whose research examines threats to democracy, the role of regime type in international affairs, and international influences on the domestic politics of sovereign states, particularly in authoritarian regimes and transitional democracies. She has served on editorial boards of leading political science journals and has been a residential scholar at the Brookings Institution and Princeton's Niehaus Center for Globalization and Governance.

portrait of Gidong Kim

Gidong Kim currently serves as Associate Professor at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies' Department of Political Science and Diplomacy, and he joins as Visiting Scholar, SNAPLFellow for the summer of 2025. Previously, he was Korea Program Postdoctoral Fellow at APARC beginning August 2023 until February 2025. He holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from University of Missouri, as well as both a M.A. and a B.A. in Political Science from Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. He studies comparative political behavior and economy in East Asia, with particular focus on nationalism and identity politics, inequality and redistribution, and migration in South Korea and East Asia. His work is published or forthcoming in journals including Journal of East Asian Studies, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Asian Perspective, Korea Observer, and Social Science Quarterly. His dissertation, “Nationalism and Redistribution in New Democracies: Nationalist Legacies of Authoritarian Regimes,” investigates the micro-level underpinnings that sustain weak welfare system in developmental states.

Xinru Ma headshot

Xinru Ma's research focuses on nationalism, great power politics, and East Asian security with a methodological focus on formal and computational methods. More broadly, Xinru’s research encompasses three main objectives: Substantively, she aims to better theorize and enhance cross-country perspectives on critical phenomena such as nationalism and its impact on international security; Methodologically, she strives to improve measurement and causal inference based on careful methodologies, including formal modeling and computational methods like natural language processing; Empirically, she challenges prevailing assumptions that inflate the perceived risk of militarized conflicts in East Asia, by providing original data and analysis rooted in local knowledge and regional perceptions. Her work has been published in the Journal of East Asian Studies, The Washington Quarterly, the Journal of Global Security Studies, and the Journal of European Public Policy, and in edited volumes through Palgrave. Her book, Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations, was recently published by Columbia University Press. At SNAPL, Xinru leads the research track in collaborative projects focused on U.S.–Asia relations

Gi-Wook Shin headshot

Gi-Wook Shin is the William J. Perry Professor of Contemporary Korea in the Department of Sociology; senior fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies; the director of the Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center (APARC) since 2005; and the founding director of the Korea Program since 2001, all at Stanford University. In May 2024, Shin also launched the new Taiwan Program at APARC. As a historical-comparative and political sociologist, his research has concentrated on social movements, nationalism, development, democracy, migration, and international relations. In Summer 2023, Shin launched the Stanford Next Asia Policy Lab (SNAPL), which is a new research initiative committed to addressing emergent social, cultural, economic, and political challenges in Asia. Across four research themes– “Talent Flows and Development,” “Nationalism and Racism,” “U.S.-Asia Relations,” and “Democratic Crisis and Reform”–the lab brings scholars and students to produce interdisciplinary, problem-oriented, policy-relevant, and comparative studies and publications. Shin’s latest book, The Four Talent Giants, a comparative study of talent strategies of Japan, Australia, China, and published by Stanford University Press in June 2025, is an outcome of SNAPL.

Piero Tozzi headshot

Piero A. Tozzi is currently the Deputy Staff Director of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, having served as Staff Director in the 118th Congress. His previous positions include Republican Staff Director of the bipartisan Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission and Staff Director and Counsel for the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations. He has also served as Senior Foreign Policy Advisor and Counsel to Representative Christopher H. Smith (R-NJ). Mr. Tozzi received his J.D. from Fordham University School of Law and his B.A. from Columbia University. Mr. Tozzi speaks Mandarin Chinese, and is the author of several works on international law and comparative constitutional law, including Constitutional Reform on Taiwan: Fulfilling a Chinese Notion of Democratic Sovereignty.

 

 

 

 

Okimoto Conference Room, Encina Hall, 3rd Floor
616 Jane Stanford way, Stanford University

By invitation only
Contact: xinruma@stanford.edu

Conferences
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About the event: A fundamental premise of the nuclear revolution theory (TNR) is the claim of assured destruction—the ability of a state to retaliate with a nuclear second-strike that leads to the destruction of the adversary’s sociopolitical-economic-industrial infrastructure, denying it the ability to survive as a viable modern nation-state. However, as we enter an era of renewed strategic great power competition, emerging technological advances have reanimated questions about the continued relevance of TNR. Can a state employing emerging technologies significantly undermine the assured destruction capabilities of its adversary? Using insights and techniques from Self-Organized Criticality theory, Dr. Sankaran analytically reexamines and models the requirements for assured destruction. He demonstrates that the networked structure of critical infrastructures continues to make advanced industrial states extremely vulnerable to assured destruction—at a fraction of Cold War arsenal requirements. Dr. Sankaran argues that advanced industrial nation-states remain vulnerable to assured destruction retaliatory strikes.

About the speaker: Jaganath “Jay” is an associate professor in the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at The University of Texas at Austin and a non-resident fellow in the Foreign Policy program at the Brookings Institution. He works on problems at the intersection of international security and science & technology. Dr. Sankaran spent the first four years of his career as a defense scientist with the Indian Missile R&D establishment. Dr. Sankaran’s work in weapons design and development led to his interests in missile defenses, space weapons, nuclear weapons, military net assessment, and arms control.

The current focus of his research is the growing strategic and military competition between the major powers. In particular, Dr. Sankaran studies the impact of emerging technological advances on international politics, warfare, and nuclear weapons doctrine. His recent publications examine the impact of five technologies—small satellites, hypersonic weapons, machine learning, cyber weapons, and quantum sensing—on nuclear operations, strategic nuclear stability, and international security. His other recent publications have explored a multitude of national security issues, including the lessons for air power emerging from the Russia-Ukraine War, the politics behind the India-China border crises, and the influence of missile defenses on great power nuclear deterrence.

Dr. Sankaran has held fellowships at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, and the RAND Corporation. He has held visiting positions at the Congressional Budget Office’s National Security Division, the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies (SAASS) at the U.S. Air University, Tsinghua University, and the National Institute for Defense Studies (Tokyo). Dr. Sankaran has served on study groups of the National Academies of Sciences (NAS) and the American Physical Society (APS) Panel on Public Affairs examining missile defenses and strategic stability. Dr. Sankaran’s first book, “Bombing to Provoke: Rockets, Missiles, and Drones as Instruments of Fear and Coercion,” was published by Oxford University Press. He has published in International Security, Contemporary Security Policy, Journal of Strategic Studies, Journal of East Asian Studies, Asian Security, Strategic Studies Quarterly, Arms Control Today, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, and other outlets. The RAND Corporation and the Stimson Center have also published his research.

 All CISAC events are scheduled using the Pacific Time Zone.

No filming or recording without express permission from speaker.

William J. Perry Conference Room

Jaganath Sankaran
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