Economic Affairs
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Is Democratic Capitalism in Crisis?

Many developed democracies have been swept by waves of popular anger at aspects of capitalism. Informing this anger is the perception that private-sector markets and institutions do not properly reward innovation and hard work and instead undermine democratic institutions. Democracy, in this view, is failing to create rules and policies capable of generating fair markets and delivering basic human rights and social justice.

Do capitalists and their enablers undermine the principles of democracy by exacerbating inequalities and interfering with the justice system? How can we restore fairness and trust, increase transparency, and empower truth?

Join us to discuss these critical questions in this panel discussion celebrating the launch the new Program on Capitalism and Democracy (CAD) at the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law (CDDRL). Larry Diamond, Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies (FSI) and the Hoover Institution will engage with CAD faculty director Anat Admati, Professor of Finance and Faculty at the Graduate School of Business, and Patrick Alley, co-founder of the anti-corruption organization Global Witness. CDDRL Mosbacher Director Kathryn Stoner and GSB Dean Jon Levin will deliver introductory remarks.

This event is co-sponsored by the Corporations and Society Initiative (CASI) at the Graduate School of Business and the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law (CDDRL).

Speakers

Anat R. Admati

Anat R. Admati

CAD Faculty Director, George G.C. Parker Professor of Finance and Economics, Stanford Graduate School of Business
Full bio

Anat Admati is the George G.C. Parker Professor of Finance and Economics at Stanford University Graduate School of Business, Senior Fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, and faculty director of the Corporations and Society Initiative. Her interests lie in the interaction of business, law, and policy, with a focus on governance and accountability issues. Since 2010, Admati has been engaged in policy discussions related to financial regulations. In 2014, she was named by Time Magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world and by Foreign Policy magazine as among 100 global thinkers. Admati has written on information dissemination in financial markets, financial contracting, corporate governance, and banking. She is the co-author, with Martin Hellwig, of The Bankers’ New Clothes: What’s Wrong with Banking and What to Do about It (Princeton University Press 2013, expanded edition 2024).

 

Patrick Alley

Patrick Alley

Co-Founder, Global Witness
2023 TED talk

Patrick Alley is the co-founder Global Witness, an organization that identifies key links between environmental and human rights abuses and is one of the pioneers of the global anti-corruption movement. Since 1995, Global Witness has garnered significant accolades and global recognition, including a nomination for the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize and several prestigious awards.

Patrick’s commitment extends beyond advocacy, having conducted over fifty field investigations globally, ranging from the destruction of rainforests in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and contributing substantially to international efforts for greater transparency and accountability in the extractive industries. His dedication reflects a core belief in the transformative power of data and transparency to address critical global challenges, leading to substantive reforms in environmental protection and governance.

Patrick Alley is the author of Very Bad People, the story of how Global Witness uncovered a worldwide network of organized criminality, kleptocracy, and corruption and exposed the people behind it. His second book, Terrible Humans, will be published in May 2024 and gives the reader a fly-on-the-wall view of the work of activists and journalists exposing a pantheon of crimes, including the operations of the Wagner Group, sanctions busting, wildlife trafficking, and top-level political corruption in the EU.

 

Portrait of Hesham Sallam

Larry Diamond

Mosbacher Senior Fellow in Global Democracy, Freeman Spogli Insitute for International Studies
Full bio

Larry Diamond is the William L. Clayton Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, the Mosbacher Senior Fellow in Global Democracy at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies (FSI), and a Bass University Fellow in Undergraduate Education at Stanford University. He is also professor by courtesy of Political Science and Sociology at Stanford. He leads the Hoover Institution’s programs on China’s Global Sharp Power and on Taiwan in the Indo-Pacific Region. At FSI, he leads the Program on Arab Reform and Democracy, based at the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law, which he directed for more than six years. He also co-leads with (Eileen Donahoe) the Global Digital Policy Incubator based at FSI’s Cyber Policy Center. He is the founding coeditor of the Journal of Democracy and also serves as senior consultant at the International Forum for Democratic Studies of the National Endowment for Democracy. His research focuses on democratic trends and conditions around the world and on policies and reforms to defend and advance democracy. His latest edited book (with Orville Schell), China's Influence and American Interests (Hoover Press, 2019), urges a posture of constructive vigilance toward China’s global projection of “sharp power,” which it sees as a rising threat to democratic norms and institutions. He offers a massive open online course (MOOC) on Comparative Democratic Development through the edX platform and is now writing a textbook to accompany it.

Larry Diamond
Larry Diamond

In-person: Bass Library, Room 400, Graduate School of Business (655 Knight Way, Stanford) — Space is limited.

Virtual: Open to the public.

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George G.C. Parker Professor of Finance and Economics, Stanford Graduate School of Business
Director of the Corporations and Society Initiative, Stanford Graduate School of Business
Director of the Program on Capitalism and Democracy, Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law
Senior Fellow, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research
Senior Fellow (by courtesy), Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
anat_admati-stanford-2021.jpg

Anat R. Admati is the George G.C. Parker Professor of Finance and Economics at Stanford University Graduate School of Business (GSB), a Faculty Director of the GSB Corporations and Society Initiative, and a senior fellow at Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. She has written extensively on information dissemination in financial markets, portfolio management, financial contracting, corporate governance and banking. Admati’s current research, teaching and advocacy focus on the complex interactions between business, law, and policy with focus on governance and accountability.

Since 2010, Admati has been active in the policy debate on financial regulations. She is the co-author, with Martin Hellwig, of the award-winning and highly acclaimed book The Bankers’ New Clothes: What’s Wrong with Banking and What to Do about It (Princeton University Press, 2013; bankersnewclothes.com). In 2014, she was named by Time Magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world and by Foreign Policy Magazine as among 100 global thinkers.

Admati holds BSc from the Hebrew University, MA, MPhil and PhD from Yale University, and an honorary doctorate from University of Zurich. She is a fellow of the Econometric Society, the recipient of multiple fellowships, research grants, and paper recognition, and is a past board member of the American Finance Association. She has served on a number of editorial boards and is a member of the FDIC’s Systemic Resolution Advisory Committee, a former member of the CFTC’s Market Risk Advisory Committee, and a former visiting scholar at the International Monetary Fund.

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Anat R. Admati
Patrick Alley
Panel Discussions
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After a successful post-Covid restart of the Annual Health Economics Conference (AHEC) in 2023, we are going to continue with the AHEC 2024 meeting hosted by Stanford University. The conference will begin on the morning of Thursday, April 4th and conclude by midday on Friday, April 5th. Please note that due to space constraints, this conference is by invitation only. If you would like to attend, please contact Maria Polyakova (maria.polyakova@stanford.edu) and Kelsey Snook (ksnook1@stanford.edu). 

We are extremely grateful to the Hoover Institute, the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, and Stanford Health Policy for sponsoring the event this year. 

2024 AHEC Organizing Committee

Alice Chen, PhD (University of Southern California)

Marcus Dillender, PhD (Vanderbilt University)

Atul Gupta, PhD (University of Pennsylvania)

Maria Polyakova, PhD (Stanford University)

Michael Richards, MD, PhD (Cornell University)

Ashley Swanson, PhD (University of Wisconsin)

Agenda 

Presentation format: 30 minutes presenter, 10 minutes discussion, 10 minutes Q&A 

Day 1: April 4 (Thursday)

7.30-8.30 am: Breakfast 

8.30-9.20 am 
Links Between Puzzles in Household Finance: Evidence from Employee Benefit Choices 
Adam Leive, Leora Friedberg, and Brent Davis 
Speaker: Adam Leive, PhD – Assistant Professor, Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley 
Discussant: Gopi Shah Goda, PhD – Senior Fellow, SIEPR, Stanford University 

9.20-10.10 am 
Long-Term Echoes of Short-Term Policy: Tracing the Persistent Impact of Medicare Advantage Subsidies
Thomas Buchmueller, Aaron Kaye, William Mandelkorn, and Sarah Miller 
Speaker: Aaron Kaye, PhD Candidate in Business and Economics, University of Michigan 
Discussant: Natalia Serna Borrero, PhD – Assistant Professor, Department of Health Policy, Stanford University 

10.10-10.30 am: Break 

10.30-11.20 am 
Turbocharging Profits? Contract Gaming and Revenue Allocation in Healthcare
Atul Gupta, Ambar La Forgia, and Adam Sacarny 
Speaker: Ambar La Forgia, PhD – Assistant Professor, Haas School, University of California Berkeley 
Discussant: Jetson Leder-Luis, PhD – Assistant Professor, Questrom School of Business, Boston University 

11.20-12.10 pm 
Public Investment and Health Care Quality: Evidence from Rural Hospital Subsidies 
Caitlin Carroll 
Speaker: Caitlin Carroll, PhD – Assistant Professor, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota 
Discussant: Christopher Whaley, PhD – Associate Professor, Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University 

12.10-1.30 pm Lunch 

1.30-2.20 pm 
Medical Residency Subsidies and Provider Supply
Cici McNamara and Mayra Pineda-Torres 
Speaker: Cici McNamara, PhD – Assistant Professor, School of Economics, Georgia Institute of Technology 
Discussant: Michael Richards, MD, PhD, MPH – Professor, Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University 

2.20-3.10 pm 
Cognitive Capacity, Fatigue, and Decision Making: Evidence from the Practice of Medicine
Bryan Chu, Ben Handel, Jonathan Kolstad, Jonas Knecht, Ulrike Malmendier, and Filip Matejka 
Speaker: Jonathan Kolstad, PhD – Professor, Haas School of Business and Department of Economics, University of California Berkeley
Discussant: David Silver, PhD – Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara 

3.10-3.30 pm: Break 

3.30-4.20 pm 
Externalities from Medical Innovation: Evidence from Organ Transplantation 
Kevin Callison, Michael Darden, and Keith F. Teltser 
Speaker: Michael Darden, PhD – Associate Professor, Department of Economics and Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins University 
Discussant: Paulo J. Somaini, PhD – Associate Professor of Economics, Stanford Graduate School of Business

4.20-5.10 pm 
The Effect of Hospital Breastfeeding Policies on Infant Health
Emily C. Lawler and Meghan M. Skira 
Speaker: Emily C. Lawler, PhD – Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration and Policy and Economics, University of Georgia 
Discussant: Heather Royer, PhD – Professor of Economics University of California, Santa Barbara 

Day 2: April 5 (Friday) 

7.30-8.30 am: Breakfast 

8.30-9.20 am 
The Effect of Organizations on Physician Prescribing: The Case of Opioids
M. Kate Bundorf, Daniel Kessler, and Sahil Lalwani 
Speaker: Daniel Kessler, PhD – Professor, School of Law and Graduate School of Business, Stanford University 
Discussant: Stephen Schwab, PhD – Assistant Professor, Alvarez College of Business, University of Texas at San Antonio 

9.20-10.10 am 
Stocking Under the Influence: Spillovers from Commercial Drug Coverage to Medicare Utilization 
Emma Dean, Josh Feng, and Luca Maini 
Speaker: Emma Dean, PhD - Assistant Professor, Department of Health Management and Policy, Miami Business School, University of Miami 
Discussant: Genevieve Kanter, PhD – Associate Professor of Public Policy, Sol Price School of Public Policy and Senior Fellow, USC Schaeffer Center, USC 

10.10-10.30 am: Break 

10.30-11.20 am 
Healthcare Provider Bankruptcies
Samuel Antill, Jessica Bai, Ashvin Gandhi, and Adrienne Sabety 
Speaker: Adrienne Sabety, PhD – Assistant Professor, Department of Health Policy, Stanford University 
Discussant: Riley League, PhD – Postdoctoral Fellow in Health and Aging Research at the National Bureau of Economic Research 

11.20-12.10 pm
Ridesharing and External-Cause Mortality 
Conor Lennon, Christian Saenz, and Keith Teltser 
Speaker: Conor Lennon, PhD – Associate Professor, Economics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 
Discussant: Victoria Barone, PhD – Assistant Professor, Economics, University of Notre Dame 

12.10-1.30 pm: Lunch 

1.30 pm: Adjourn 

 

Invitation-only event
Annenberg Conference Room
434 Galvez Mall Stanford, CA 94305

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Elliot Stewart
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When I arrived at Stanford in September 2022, I’d just stepped out of a product manager role at a large government contractor. My career had focused on providing policymakers with the best open-source information possible around a myriad of foreign policy issues. Over the preceding years, that work had become increasingly intertwined with artificial intelligence (AI), not just as a subject of analysis but as a critical tool in the analytic process. In enrolling in the Ford Dorsey Master’s in International Policy (MIP) program, situated in the heart of Silicon Valley, I hoped I could better understand AI and how it would reshape geopolitics. 

My timing was serendipitous. Just as I settled in, OpenAI unveiled ChatGPT, and the world changed. It was a whirlwind period of wild speculation, anxiety, and excitement. To cut through the noise, I sat in on an advanced course on machine learning and enrolled in the Computer Science department’s core course, Programming Abstractions, to build my programming skills. Blending my policy framework development in MIP courses with technical study at Stanford’s renowned Computer Science department was exactly what I hoped Stanford would provide. 

What I didn’t expect, however, was how differently I was starting to think about my future after the program.

What I didn’t expect, however, was how differently I was starting to think about my future after the program.

The Entrepreneurial Leap

The original plan for MIP was to get smart and then apply what I learned within an established organization, like my former employer or the government. I began to wonder if, rather than providing information to decision-makers as I had previously in my career, I could combine my product management experience and burgeoning CS competency in a different way. Could I attack the same problems I’d been working on for years, but from the bottom up? Could I use technology to empower the broader public to become more resilient to misinformation and polarization?

The approaching summer seemed like the opportunity to test my product ideas and the possibility of starting a business around them. MIP’s summer funding made it feasible to take advantage of that opportunity while still paying my rent. It also added helpful structure to my plan, requiring me to record my hours and find a mentor to oversee my progress.

My former colleague, David, with whom I have a strong relationship built on trust and shared vision, agreed to be my mentor. He had recently launched his own company in a related space and was able to share a wealth of experience and insights.

The Summer of Coding and Discover

Summer came, and I dove headfirst into coding, dedicating countless hours at the corner desk of my Hoskins apartment to building something tangible that embodied my vision. I also began immersing myself in the Bay Area’s tech ecosystem - attending AI seminars, venture capital events, and networking with founders.

The results of those first weeks were encouraging. I prduced a working prototype that used AI to identify misleading information online and, by referencing trusted sources, provide missing context and corrective information to the reader. It was real progress toward a world where we no longer rely on ineffective fact-checking after readers are exposed to misleading information and form their opinions. Instead, AI could help every news reader spot deceptive content in real-time - during the opinion formation process.

Screenshot of the first time my prototype for The Critical Reader identified misleading info and injected corrective information on a live webpage

Despite my progress, I realized that if I were going to keep up with the pace of the hyper-competitive AI startup field, I would need a partner.

Finding a Co-founder 

With a working prototype of my Critical Reader Google Chrome extension, I felt ready to seek out an experienced partner who could help scale my vision. Y Combinator’s co-founder matching platform was my arena. It was a whirlwind of meetings and ideas, but eventually, I connected with the former CTO of a successful startup, who shared my commitment to revolutionizing digital information sharing.

Matching with a partner on Y Combinator’s matchmaking platform

We hit it off and decided to test our partnership with a 30-day trial. We examined my prototype critically and decided to pivot towards a simpler, more marketable product. In a few weeks, we had a minimum viable product ready and began user testing. As expected, the feedback was a mixture of praise and criticism, but it was energizing to have the critical data we needed to iterate and improve.

Beyond coding, we invested considerable effort into refining a mutual vision and business strategy. We began exploring non-profit frameworks and various hybrid business models that could achieve the scalability of a for-profit enterprise while preserving the principles that motivated us.

The experience developing financial forecasts and strategic plans significantly enhanced my professional toolkit and gave me first-hand experience with the reality of starting a business.

Renewed Vision 

In a few short months, my curiosity had evolved into a venture with real users and a business model. I had also changed. The experience developing financial forecasts and strategic plans significantly enhanced my professional toolkit and gave me first-hand experience with the reality of starting a business. 

Now, as I enter my penultimate quarter at Stanford, I am able to develop products and explore partnerships with a newfound clarity of purpose. My summer of entrepreneurship added a new dimension to my MIP experience and has set the stage for what comes after the program ends.

The Ford Dorsey Master's in International Policy Class of 2024 at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies.

Meet the MIP Class of 2024

The 2024 Class has arrived at Stanford eager to tackle policy challenges ranging from food security to cryptocurrency privacy.
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Rachel Owens
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In a CDDRL research seminar series talk, Anat Admati — the George G.C. Parker Professor of Finance and Economics at the Stanford Graduate School of Business — shared findings from her research on how banking practices can undermine democracy. Her talk highlighted themes from the new and expanded edition of her book, The Bankers’ New Clothes: What is Wrong with Banking and What to Do About It. Coauthored with Martin Hellwig, the book’s latest edition was published this year by Princeton University Press.

Admati argues that banks use their positions of influence to exploit their symbiotic relationships with politicians, breaking and distorting rules with impunity. The powerful consensus in the policy establishment that banks cannot be allowed to fail, has afforded these banks unrestricted power, knowing that the government will do whatever it takes to keep them afloat. The outcome has been detrimental to the rule of law and the quality of democracy. 

Admati brought to focus the Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, which was formed in the wake of the 2007-2009 Global Financial Crisis. The report found that the crisis was avoidable, and attributed the failures to gaps in regulation. The same weaknesses in the system of regulation, Admati noted, persist today. 

Much of the problem is rooted in the lack of sufficient equity. Banks, in other words, are allowed to operate with large amounts of debt, rendering them quite fragile. Exacerbating the problem is that banks are heavily interconnected, and when one indebted corporation fails, it takes down others with it; the 2008 crisis is a case in point.

The problem is global, but the U.S. provides a clear example. The U.S. government is central to how banks are able to get away with operating with such little equity. With the federal government prepared to support them through various bailout practices, banks find a strong incentive to borrow beyond their means. A recent example of that trend is Silicon Valley Bank, wherein the federal government took measures to guarantee that depositors would be made whole after the bank’s failure. This safety net that the government has consistently provided has, in effect, shielded banks from the downsides of taking on unsound risks. Better regulation is needed to require more equity so that banks would be prepared to absorb losses before being bailed out.

However, the current regulations — sponsored by the Basel Committee — are so complex that banks can weaponize and exploit them, spreading misinformation to shield themselves from accountability. Lobbying groups, like the Bank Policy Institute, are among the most powerful on Capitol Hill, ensuring that regulations remain lax, and banks continue to have the opportunity to game the system.

Banks hold disproportionate power in democracies and face limited political will to hold them accountable.

View Professor Admati's presentation slides:
Download pdf

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Jennifer Brick Mutrazashvili presents during CDDRL's Research Seminar on December 7, 2023.
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The Failure of State Building in Afghanistan

Jennifer Brick Mutrazashvili argues that this failure lies in the bureaucratic legacies the country inherited from the Soviet era.
The Failure of State Building in Afghanistan
Daniel Tresisman
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The Global Democratic Decline Revisited

Political scientist Daniel Treisman argues that claims of a global democratic decline and authoritarian backsliding are exaggerated and lack empirical evidence.
The Global Democratic Decline Revisited
Andres Uribe presents in a CDDRL research seminar on November 16, 2024.
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Armed Groups and Democratic Processes: Insights from Colombia and Peru

In a recent CDDRL seminar, postdoctoral fellow Andres Uribe presented a multifaceted theory explaining the strategies violent groups adopt to influence democratic processes.
Armed Groups and Democratic Processes: Insights from Colombia and Peru
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In a recent CDDRL research seminar, Anat Admati shared findings from her research on how banking practices can undermine democracy, which are highlighted in the new and expanded edition of her book, "The Bankers’ New Clothes: What is Wrong with Banking and What to Do About It" (Princeton University Press, 2024).

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People’s Republic of China in the Baltic States
Edited by Una Aleksandra Bērziņa-Čerenkova and Kārlis Bukovskis, Riga, Latvian Institute of International Affairs, 2023, 154 pp., ISBN 978-9934-567-67-4


This collection of analytic essays describing political/security, economic, and people-to-people interactions between Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) provides a welcome and useful elucidation of similarities and differences among the Baltic states. It also identifies (albeit without specifically doing so) the kinds of challenges facing all small and mid-sized countries in their dealings with much larger powers. Asymmetries of scale in the size of populations, firms, government bureaucracies, and other capacities make it difficult to identify and exploit opportunities, maintain multifaceted relationships, and manage the deluge and sometimes manipulative intent of initiatives from the larger partner. Small state governments must play a larger brokering and facilitating role than is true in bigger economies because sub-national actors have limited knowledge and capacity. This is certainly the case with respect to Baltic state interactions with China. Moreover, as these essays make clear, disparities in size and national objectives create vulnerabilities and dependencies that can be manipulated by the larger partner. A recurring leitmotif of the book is that China attempts to exploit dependencies for political reasons.

For the complete book review, read it online or download the text above.

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Thomas Fingar
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In 2015, the World Bank claimed that rich-country private capital could: (i) close the infrastructure services gap in poor countries, (ii) achieve the sustainable development goals, and (iii) make money by moving from "billions to trillions" of investment in poor-country infrastructure. Our framework distinguishes those poor countries in which the Bank's claim is tenable from those where it is not. For a given poor country, the framework reveals that investing a dollar in infrastructure is efficient if the social rate of return on infrastructure clears two hurdles: (a) the social rate of return on private capital in the poor country, and (b) the social rate of return on private capital in rich countries. Applying the framework to the only comprehensive, cross-country dataset of social rates of return on infrastructure indicates that in 1985 just 7 of 53 poor countries cleared the dual hurdles in both paved roads and electricity.

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Camille Gardner
Peter Blair Henry
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No. 4
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Sebastian Ogando
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I had a great time learning, and seeing first hand, how countries act diplomatically to preserve their interests, but also collaborate with other countries to achieve common goals and purposes.
The Ford Dorsey Master's in International Policy Class of 2024 at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies.

Meet the MIP Class of 2024

The 2024 Class has arrived at Stanford eager to tackle policy challenges ranging from food security to cryptocurrency privacy.
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This summer, Sebastian Ogando (Ford Dorsey Master's in International Policy Class of 2024) , passionate about art and culture, explored the diplomatic exchanges behind the nominations for heritage sites as an intern at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

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Pamella Eunice Ahairwe
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My goal of spending the summer of 2023 working in the Global South came to fruition, courtesy of the Environment for Development - Makerere University Centre (EfD - MaK), the  Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies (FSI), and the Stanford Sustainable Finance Initiative (SFI). Being on the ground in Uganda to work on green finance seemed the right call. I have spent four years in the Global North, primarily in the Netherlands and Luxembourg, working on European Union (EU) international economics issues, which included green finance. One of the biggest challenges I encountered was the conflict of interest between donors and the projects they prioritized and the beneficiaries and the projects they prioritized. In this aspect, disagreements about green financing were especially pronounced.

Pamella at a meeting

In my first year at Stanford, I participated in a series of learning, unlearning, and relearning experiences to understand better how to make economic decisions work well for both developed and developing countries. I was excited about a summer fellowship that would allow me to leverage my expertise from the Global North and newly acquired knowledge from Stanford to contribute toward addressing the economic development challenges of the Global South. Fortunately, the EfD - MaK Center in Uganda awarded me a fellowship opportunity, and with the funding of FSI and SFI, I was able to spend 12 weeks working in Uganda. Being in Uganda was not a novel experience for me. I was born and had previously worked there both as a development consultant and as a research assistant on different randomized controlled trial experiments.

Working in Uganda, however, and becoming immersed in the Global South perspective of green finance was new. My duties as a Visiting Fellow at EfD - MaK made the Fellowship an entirely unique and rewarding experience.

Working in Uganda, however, and becoming immersed in the Global South perspective of green finance was new. My duties as a Visiting Fellow at EfD - MaK made the Fellowship an entirely unique and rewarding experience. I conducted policy analysis on green finance, collaborated with stakeholders from the public sector, civil society, private sector, and academia, contributed to high-level policy dialogues, and took part in some of the ongoing projects on energy financing. This work gave me an understanding of the distinctive nature of the energy and climate environment in Uganda. Accomplishing development objectives, such as eliminating poverty and promoting prosperity for all, requires energy sources to be available. Ensuring essential levels of energy supply is also of mutual interest to donors and country beneficiaries.

In Uganda, green finance is particularly important in addressing the energy poverty problem and allowing the country to meet Uganda’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). UBOS- Uganda Bureau of Statistics’ 2018 National Electrification Survey shows that 66% of Ugandans are multidimensional energy poor, measured by access, cooking solutions, and end-use technology. In its NDCs, Uganda has pledged to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, most of which are from agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU), by 24.7% before 2030. These commitments call for green financing approaches that promote access to clean and affordable energy for most Ugandans who are currently either underserved or unserved. Climate finance is essential to help vulnerable communities deal with the prevalent consequences of climate change. Uganda now faces a $28.1 billion climate financing gap and has been able to mobilize only $4 billion. Boosting green financing from all players, local or international, public, private, for-profit or not-for-profit, will help the country build climate resilience and adaptability and meet its broader green growth objectives, as specified under the NDCs.

Pamella with her colleagues

International donors have helped Uganda make some progress towards meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goal - SDG 7 - Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. The National Planning Authority reports that Uganda’s electricity access has increased from 24% in 2018/2019 to 57% in 2021/2022, and its grid reliability from 90% to 98%. However, a lot still needs to be done. Uganda’s biomass usage, primarily for household cooking, is still at 80% despite efforts to reduce it to 50%. Ugandan household emissions are estimated at 30 tons of carbon per year compared to five tons for the United Kingdom.

There are serious issues related to energy affordability. Uganda’s level of income inequality is high, with a Gini Index of 0.427.1 The Borgen Project reports that Uganda’s richest 10% receive 35.7% of the national wealth. In comparison, the poorest 20% receive only 5.8%. This indicates that a larger share of the population cannot afford clean energy. Even though policy dialogues sponsored by government officials have resulted in progress in reducing electricity costs, electricity remains unaffordable for many economically disadvantaged individuals.

This summer experience taught me that conditions within Uganda are similar to those of many countries of the Global South, particularly sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), that experience energy poverty. International Energy Centre (IEC) research has shown that the COVID-19 pandemic worsened energy poverty. IEC also projects that about 560 million people from SSA will still have no electricity access in 2030. My experience at EfD-Mak taught me that addressing country technical gaps and prioritizing green projects in planning, programming, and budgetary processes could enable countries to bridge the energy gaps.

It gave me a better understanding of the working environment in a developing country and elevated my grasp of several international development issues. I also acknowledge that countries are rarely the same, making it vital to gain direct exposure to the on the ground reality.

There is also a need to leverage the private sector, entrepreneurs, and financiers to invest in and contribute to Uganda’s green growth agenda. However, this necessitates that the government implement an enabling business climate to attract local and international players. Coordinated efforts are also essential to combat dependency on biomass, which increases greenhouse gas emissions and poses health risks to the populace. From the policy dialogues I participated in, ministries, departments, and agency officials emphasized the government’s commitment to reducing biomass usage. All players around the table, including the private sector, civil society, and communities themselves, must participate to accomplish biomass reduction.

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Pamella at a meeting

Spending the summer in Uganda met my expectations for an on the ground experience. It gave me a better understanding of the working environment in a developing country and elevated my grasp of several international development issues. I also acknowledge that countries are rarely the same, making it vital to gain direct exposure to the on the ground reality instead of relying on studies and external generalizations.

By and large, I am very thankful to the EfD Director, Professor Edward Bbaale, for allowing me to work on these issues and for his invaluable mentorship. I also enjoyed working with a team of experts, which included Dr. Peter Babyenda, Mr. Fred Kasalirwe, Mr. Gyavira Ssewankambo, and Ms. Jane Anyango, to mention just a few. Above all, I am thankful to FSI and SFI at Stanford University, whose collaboration with EfD-Mak Uganda made my summer fellowship both a priceless experience and a great opportunity to be home again.

The Ford Dorsey Master's in International Policy Class of 2024 at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies.

Meet the MIP Class of 2024

The 2024 Class has arrived at Stanford eager to tackle policy challenges ranging from food security to cryptocurrency privacy.
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This summer, Pamella Eunice Ahairwe (Ford Dorsey Master's in International Policy Class of 2024) , a passionate advocate for sustainable development, merged her expertise in international economics from the Global North with the Global South perspective of green finance as a Visiting Fellow at the Environment for Development - Makerere University Centre in Uganda, delving into the intricate policy world of addressing energy poverty and achieving sustainable development goals.

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Heather Rahimi
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On November 15, 2023 Albert Park, Chief Economist of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), joined SIEPR, SCCEI, and the King Center for a timely discussion on China’s Economy and Asia’s Rise.

Dr. Park shared insights on the economic prospects for Asia and China, geopolitical fragmentation, and China’s regional importance. Beginning with Asia and China’s economic prospects, Dr. Park noted that Asia continues to be the most dynamic region in the world, however, within the region dynamism is shifting from China to other countries and China’s growth has dropped below the growth rate for the region at-large. He also highlighted how China’s weak property sector is contributing negatively to its growth, but despite the economic decline, the country is not close to a recession.

Dr. Park expanded on how Asia’s regional economic integration has continued to deepen and that there isn’t significant evidence of a shift away from China. Trade is fairly steady in Asia, and China’s role in global value chains has increased - making them even more important globally, despite talks of the U.S. decoupling from China. Dr. Park concluded his talk by emphasizing that forcing countries to decouple often hurts the less-powerful, poorer countries the most. He encouraged the U.S. and China to not force countries to choose sides, arguing that this will benefit the poorer countries and reduce global cost overall.

To hear Dr. Albert Park’s full talk, watch the recording here:

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On November 15, 2023 Albert Park, Chief Economist of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), joined SIEPR, SCCEI, and the King Center on campus for a timely discussion on China’s economy and Asia’s rise.

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